Objective: Ankle dorsiflexion during walking causes the tibia to roll forward relative to the foot to achieve body forward. Individuals with ankle dorsiflexion restriction may present altered movement patterns and cause a series of dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of this research was to clearly determine the effects of peak ankle dorsiflexion angle on lower extremity biomechanics and pelvic motion during walking and jogging.Method: This study involved 51 subjects tested for both walking and jogging. The motion capture system and force measuring platforms were used to synchronously collect kinematics and kinetics parameters during these activities. Based on the peak ankle dorsiflexion angle during walking, the 51 subjects were divided into a restricted group (RADF group, angle 10°). Independent-Sample T-tests were performed to compare the pelvic and lower limb biomechanics parameters between the groups during walking and jogging test on this cross-sectional study.Results: The parameters that were significantly smaller in the RADF group than in the un-RADF group at the moment of peak ankle dorsiflexion in the walking test were: ankle plantar flexion moment (p < 0.05), hip extension angle (p < 0.05), internal ground reaction force (p < 0.05), anterior ground reaction force (p < 0.01), pelvic ipsilateral tilt angle (p < 0.05). In contrast, the external knee rotation angle was significantly greater in the RADF group than in the un-RADF group (p < 0.05). The parameters that were significantly smaller in the RADF group than in the un-RADF group at the moment of peak ankle dorsiflexion in the jogging test were: peak ankle dorsiflexion angle (p < 0.01); the anterior ground reaction force (p < 0.01), the angle of pelvic ipsilateral rotation (p < 0.05).Conclusion: This study shows that individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion experience varying degrees of altered kinematics and dynamics in the pelvis, hip, knee, and foot during walking and jogging. Limited ankle dorsiflexion alters the movement pattern of the lower extremity during walking and jogging, diminishing the body’s ability to propel forward, which may lead to higher injury risks.

Bone bruises observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury could provide significant information about ACL injury mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to investigate common bone bruise patterns after an ACL injury. It was hypothesized that the most common bone bruise distribution pattern would be only the lateral side of both the femur and tibia. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Knee MRI scans of patients who underwent acute ACL reconstruction from August 2016 to August 2018 at our institution were selected. Imaging sequences in the sagittal and coronal planes were used for determining the bone bruise location in the lateral-medial and anterior-posterior directions, respectively. The presence, location, and intensity of bone bruises within specific compartments of the tibia and femur were documented. The relative bone bruise patterns of the tibia and femur were classified and analyzed. A total of 207 patients (165 men, 42 women) met the inclusion criteria from a total of 4209 ACL reconstruction cases. The most common relative bone bruise pattern was located on only the lateral side of both the femur and the tibia (44.4%), followed by the lateral and medial sides of both the femur and tibia (29.0%). For the pattern found on the lateral and medial sides of both the femur and tibia, the bone bruises on only the lateral side of both the tibia and femur were more severe (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) and more anterior (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) than those on only the medial side. The most common relative bone bruise pattern observed was on only the lateral side of both the tibia and femur. Bone bruises on the lateral side were more severe than those on the medial side in patients with bone bruises on the lateral and medial sides of both the femur and tibia. Anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur occurred during an ACL injury based on the location of bone bruises in the anterior-posterior direction.

To translate the English version of Tegner Activity Score into a Simplified-Chinese version (Tegner-C) and evaluate its psychometric properties. Tegner-C was cross-culturally adapted according to established guidelines. The validity and reliability of Tegner-C were assessed in 78 participants, with 19–20 participants in each of the four groups: before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (pre-ACLR) group, 2–3 months after ACLR group, 3–12 months after ACLR group, and healthy control group. Each participant was asked to complete the Tegner-C and Chinese version of International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF-C) twice, with an interval of 5±2 days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC_{2, 1}) was used to assess the reliability and Spearman’s rank correlation was used for construct validity. The ICC_2,1 was higher than 0.90 for all groups except in the pre-ACLR group, for which the ICC_2,1 was 0.71 (0.41, 0.87) (All with p<0.001). The absolute reliability as evaluated by the smallest detectable change was 0.43, 2.12, 0.89, and 0.44 for the healthy control group, pre-ACLR group, 2–3 months after ACLR group, and 3–12 months after ACLR group, respectively. Neither a ceiling effect nor a floor effect was observed for any group. Significant difference was observed for both Tegner-C and IKDC-SKF-C scores between the control and the other three groups (all with p<0.001), and between pre-ACLR and the 2–3 months after ACLR group (p<0.001). Tegner-C demonstrated comparable psychometric properties to the original English version and thus is reliable and valid for Chinese-speaking patients with ACL injury.

It is known that selective sacral roots rhizotomy is effective for relieving the neurogenic bladder associated with spinal cord injury. The goal of this study is to review the surgical anatomy of the lumbosacral nerve rootlets and to provide some morphological bases for highly selective sacral roots rhizotomy. Spinal cord dissections were performed on five cadavers under surgical microscope. At each spinal cord segment, we recorded the number, diameter and length of the rootlets, subbundles and bundles from the L1 to S2 spinal segments, and the length of the dorsal/ventral root entry zone. Peripheral nervous system myelin was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found: (1) the ventral or the dorsal root of the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord was divided into one to three nerve bundles and each bundle was subdivided into one to three subbundles. Each subbundle further gave out two to three rootlets connected with the spinal cord; (2) there were no significant differences in the number of rootlets within the L1 to S2 segments, but the size of rootlets and the length of nerve roots varied (P < 0.05); and (3) the more myelinated fibers a rootlet contained, the larger transection area it had. The area of peripheral nervous system myelin positive cells and the total area of rootlets were correlated (P < 0.001). Thus, during highly selective sacral roots rhizotomy, the ventral and dorsal roots can be divided into several bundles of rootlets, and we could initially distinct the rootlets by their diameters. Anat Rec, 2010.