Salt-induced renal metabolism dysfunction is an important mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. Given that the gut-liver axis is the first hit of a high-salt diet (HSD), we aimed to identify the extra-renal mechanism from hepatic metabolism and gut microbiota, and attempted to relieve the salt-induced metabolic dysfunctions by curcumin. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the changes in hepatic metabolic pathways, and integrated analysis was employed to reveal the relationship between hepatic metabolic dysfunction and gut microbial composition. HSD induced significant increase in fumaric acid, l-lactic acid, creatinine, l-alanine, glycine, and l-cysteine levels, and amino acids metabolism pathways associated with glycolysis were significantly altered, including alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, which were involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that changes in Paraprevotella, Erysipelotrichaceae, and genera from Clostridiales are associated with metabolic disorders. Gene functional predication analysis based on 16S Ribosomal RNA sequences showed that the dysfunction in hepatic metabolism were correlated with enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis and apoptosis in gut microbes. Curcumin (50 mg/kg/d) might reduce gut microbes-associated LPS biosynthesis and apoptosis, partially reverse metabolic dysfunction, ameliorate renal oxidative stress, and protect against salt-sensitive hypertension.

With global climate change, the frequent occurrence of intense rainfall and aggravation of waterlogging disasters have severely threatened the plant growth and fruit quality of grapevines, which are commercially important fruit crops worldwide. There is accordingly an imperative to clarify the responses of grapevine to waterlogging and to propose appropriate remedial measures. Strigolactone (SL) is a phytohormone associated with plant abiotic stress tolerance, while, its function in plant responses to waterlogging stress remain undetermined. In this study, systematic analyses of the morphology, physiology, and transcriptome changes in grapevine leaves and roots under post-waterlogging and GR24 (a synthetic analog of SL) treatments were performed. Morphological and physiological changes in grapevines in response to post-waterlogging stress, including leaf wilting and yellowing, leaf senescence, photosynthesis inhibition, and increased anti-oxidative systems, could be alleviated by the application of GR24. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the primary gene functions induced by post-waterlogging stress changed over time; however, they were consistently associated with carbohydrate metabolism. The GR24-induced leaf genes were closely associated with carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, antioxidant systems, and hormone signal transduction, which were considered vital aspects that were influenced by GR24 in grapevine to induce post-waterlogging tolerance. Concerning the roots, an enhancement of microtubules and cytoskeleton for cell construction in GR24 application was proposed to facilitate root system recovery after waterlogging. With this study, we comprehend the knowledge regarding the responses of grapevines to post-waterlogging and the ameliorative effect of GR24 with the insight to the transcriptome changes during these processes.