The involvement of robots in building construction is already a global trend. Compared with the current stage of construction in which a large number of people are involved, the stability of the robot construction process will greatly affect the construction efficiency and construction accuracy, thus (1) reducing the impact on the environment, hence saving natural resources with other obvious advantages of natural environmental benefits, and (2) reducing construction costs, therefore reducing the economic and environmental benefits of artificial use. This paper proposes a wooden building construction method using a mobile robot, explores the assembly of continuous building components that exceed the robot’s static workspace, and completes a simulated construction experiment of a wooden building using this construction method. The experiment was used as a basis to address (1) innovations in the way a wooden building is erected that satisfy the construction logic of the mobile robot, and (2) the ability of the mobile robot to accurately assemble building components in space, including the ability to align them with existing components on site. Ultimately, the completion of this experiment and its construction evaluation demonstrated the superiority of mobile robot construction over manual construction in terms of reduced manual use and increased construction efficiency.