Background: Minimum dietary diversity is the consumption of five or more food groups from the eight World Health Organization recommended food groups. Adequately diversified diet, in terms of amount and composition, is critical for optimal growth, development, and long-term health outcomes in the first 2 years. Understanding the regional variation of dietary diversity and the underlying factors is crucial for developing and implementing interventions. However, the use of spatial approaches in dietary studies has not been widely established. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the spatial patterns and determinates of minimum dietary diversity practice among 6–23 months children in Ethiopia. Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted based on the Demographic and Health Surveys data conducted in Ethiopia. A total weighted sample of 1578 children aged 6–23 months was included for this study. The Global Moran’s I was estimated to look into the regional variation of dietary diversity and hotspot and cold spot areas. Further, multivariable multilevel logistic regression was used for factor analyses. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% CI was used to declare the strength and significance of the association. Results: Overall, 87.4% (95% CI: 85.7 to 88.9%) of children in 2019 had inadequate Minimum dietary diversity. We identified statistically significant clusters of high inadequate dietary diversity (hotspots) notably observed in Somali, Afar, Eastern and western Amhara, western Tigray, Benishangul, and Northeastern and western parts of the southern nations, nationality and peoples’ regions. Inadequate dietary diversity was significantly higher among young children, uneducated mother, married women, younger mother, no postnatal check, community with higher level of poverty and community level uneducated woman. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study inadequate Minimum dietary diversity for children as measured by World Health Organization dietary assessment shows high. Children's dietary diversity was distributed non-randomly in different districts across Ethiopia's regions. The findings of the study provided critical evidence about dietary diversity and associated factors. Hence, policy should focused on improve education status of Mother, boosting economic status of the community, increased maternal continuum of care and focused on young children nutrition may advance dietary diversity.

Background: Evidence on double and triple burdens of malnutrition at household level among child-mother pairs is a key towards addressing the problem of malnutrition. In Ethiopia, studies on double and triple burdens of malnutrition are scarce. Even though there is a study on double burden of malnutrition at national level in Ethiopia, it doesn’t assess the triple burdens at all and a few forms of double burden of malnutrition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of double and triple burdens of malnutrition among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia.Methods: A total sample of 7,624 child-mother pairs from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 were included in the study. All analysis were performed considering complex sampling design. Anthropometric measures and hemoglobin levels of children, as well as anthropometric measurements of their mothers, were used to calculate double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and triple burden of malnutrition (TBM). Spatial analysis was applied to detect geographic variation of prevalence of double and triple burdens of malnutrition among EDHS 2016 clusters. Bivariable and multivariable binary survey logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with DBM and TBM.Results: The overall weighted prevalence of DBM and TBM respectively were 1.8% (95%CI: 1.38–2.24) and 1.2% (95%CI: 0.83–1.57) among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia. Significant clusters of high prevalence of DBM and TBM were identified. In the adjusted multivariable binary survey logistic regression models, middle household economic status [AOR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.06, 0.89] as compared to the poor, average birth weight [AOR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.09, 0.80] as compared to large birth weight and children aged 24–35 months [AOR = 0.19, 95%CI: 0.04,0.95] as compared to 6–12 months were less likely to experience DBM. Average birth weight [AOR = 0.20, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.91] as compared to large birth weight and time to water source <=30 min [AOR = 0.41, 95%CI: 0.19,0.89] as compared to on premise were less likely to experience TBM.Conclusion: There is low prevalence of DBM and TBM among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia. Interventions tailored on geographic areas, wealth index, birth weight and child birth could help to control the emerging DBM and TBM at household level among child-mother pairs in Ethiopia.

Introduction: Diarrhea causes a loss of body water and salt, which can lead to dehydration and death. The use of oral rehydration salts and zinc together is regarded as an effective treatment for diarrhea in resource-poor settings like Ethiopia. However, studies that examine the co-utilization of oral rehydration solution and zinc in the treatment of diarrhea are limited Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of oral rehydration solution and zinc co-utilization to treat diarrhea in children under the age of five in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016. Methods: Secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was used to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with the co-utilization of ORS and zinc to treat diarrhea in under-five children. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with the co-utilization of ORS and zinc. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% CI were calculated and used as a measure of associations, and variables having a p-value of less than 0.05 were declared as statistically significant. Results: The national prevalence of ORS and zinc co-utilization was 16.65% (14.66%, 18.84%). Maternal educational status (AOR = 1.45; 95% CI; (1.01, 2.09)), household size (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI; 1.09, 2.16) and distance to health facilities at the community level (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.58) were variables significantly associated with the co-use of ORS and zinc. Conclusion: The co-utilization of ORS and zinc for the management of diarrhea was low in Ethiopia. Education, household size, and distance to health facilities at the community level were significantly associated with the co-utilization of ORS and zinc in Ethiopia.

Background: The magnitude of loss to follow-up is high and remains a major public health problem in developing countries. Therefore, the aim of this study determines the incidence rate and predictors of loss to follow-up among children with HIV on ART at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized referral hospital. Methods: An institution-based retrospective data analysis was conducted on 361 children with HIV. The simple random sampling technique was used, and data were entered into Epiinfo version 7.1 and were exported to Stata version 14 for analysis. The proportional hazard assumption was checked, and Cox regression was fitted. Finally, an adjusted hazard ratio with a 95% CI was computed, and variables with P-value <0.05 in the multivariable analysis were taken as significant predictors of loss to follow-up. Results: The overall incidence rate of lost to follow-up was 6.2 events per 100 child-years observations (95% CI: 4.9-7.7). Children who have got care from their biological parents (AHR 2.6, 95% CI: 1.2-5.5), WHO clinical stage III/IV (AHR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.8), history of regimen substitutions (AHR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.9), poor/fair medication adherence (AHR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.2) and history of TB treatment (AHR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6-4.4) were the significant predictors of lost to follow-up. Conclusion: The incidence rate of loss to follow-up among children was found to be high. Children who have got care from their biological parent, WHO clinical stage III/IV, history of regimen substitution, poor/fair medication adherence, and history of TB treatment were the independent predictors of loss to follow-up. Therefore, strengthening HIV care intervention and addressing these significant predictors is highly recommended in the study setting.

Introduction: Anemia is a common hematological problem in neonatal admissions. Poor detection rate and inappropriate treatment adversely affect the growing infant. Data on the magnitude and risk factors of anemia in sick newborns are lacking in Ethiopia, so knowing the prevalence and risk factors may reduce the long-term untreated complications of anemia. Objective: The overall aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anemia among newborns admitted to Tibebe Ghion specialized hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 272 newborns admitted to Tibebe Ghion Specialized Hospital from February 1 to May 30, 2021. A pretested structured questionnaire containing socio-demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters was used for the data collection. Data were collected by trained nurses and residents after obtaining ethical clearance. The data were entered through Epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 computer software. Descriptive statistics were performed using frequency, mean and standard deviation. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regressions were done to identify risk factors of anemia. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval at a p-value < 0.05 was declared as a statistically significant variable in the multivariable logistic regression. Results: About two-thirds 177 (65.1%) of the newborn babies were male and 152 (55.9%) of the newborn had a birth weight of ≥ 2500 grams. The most commonly diagnosed medical conditions were sepsis 218 (80.1%) and prematurity of birth 78 (28.7%). The prevalence of anemia among newborns in this study was 63 (23.2%) [19.1– 28.7%]. Gestational age of 33– 36 weeks (AOR=0.36: 95% CI=0.17– 0.96) and maternal anemia (AOR=3.81: 95% CI=1.29– 11.23) were significantly associated with newborn anemia. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia among newborns in Tibebe Ghion specialized hospital was high. Gestational age and maternal anemia were significantly associated with newborn anemia. So, it is better to properly educate and advise women about newborn anemia during antenatal care follow-up.

Accessibility and utilization of postnatal newborn check-ups within 2 days after delivery are critical for a child’s survival, growth, and development. However, the service delivery is not yet improved and fluctuates across the geographical locations in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and determinants of newborns not received postnatal check-ups within 2 days after birth in Ethiopia. A secondary data analysis of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 was done among live births within 2 years preceding the survey. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the factors associated with the outcome variable. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% (Confidence Interval) was calculated and used as a measure of associations and variables with a p-value < 0.05, were declared as statistically significant. A total of 4036 live newborns in Ethiopia were included in the analysis, of whom half (51.21%) were females. The mean age of the mothers was 33+ SD 1.3, and more than 60 % (61.56%) of the mothers were not educated. The national prevalence of newborns not receiving postnatal check-ups within 2 days after birth was 84.29 (95% CI: 83.10–85.41) with significant spatial variations across the study area. Mothers who had no ANC visits were 58% higher than (AOR = 0.42(0.27–0.66) mothers who had > 4 ANC visits. Mothers who gave birth at home and others were 80% (AOR = 0.02(0.01–0.29) and 25% (AOR = 0.76(0.59–0.99), higher than mothers delivered at hospital. Rural mothers were 1.90 times higher (AOR = 1.90(1.29–2.81) than urban mothers, and mothers live in administrative regions of Afar 66% (AOR = 0.34(0.16–0.69), Oromia 47% (AOR = 0.53(0.30–0.91), Somali 60% (AOR = 0.40 (0.22–0.74),Benishangul 50% (AOR = 0.50 (0.27–0.92), SNNPR 67% (AOR = 0.33(0.19–0.57), Gambela 70% (AOR = 0.30 (0.16–0.56), Harari 56% (AOR = 0.44 (0.25–0.78), and Dire Dawa70% (AOR = 0.30 (0.17–0.54) were higher than Addis Abeba for not receiving postnatal checkup of new born within the first 2 days, respectively. Low postnatal check-up utilization remains a big challenge in Ethiopia, with significant spatial variations across regional and local levels. Spatial clustering of not receiving postanal check-ups within 2 days was observed in Afar, Oromia, Gambela, Benishangul, SNNPR, Harari, and Dire Dawa regions. Residence, ANC visits, place of delivery, and administrative regions were significantly associated with not receiving postnatal check-ups. Geographically targeted interventions to improve ANC follow-up and institutional delivery should be strengthened.