Endüstri devrimi olarak bilinen üretim teknolojilerinde yaşanan üç devrimsel gelişme toplumu önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Bu devrimler; ilk makinelerin hayatımıza girmesi endüstri 1.0, elektriğin üretim araçlarında kullanımı endüstri 2.0, otomasyonun yaygınlaşması endüstri 3.0 olarak tanımlanabilir. Günümüzde ise 3B yazıcılar ile birlikte endüstri 4.0 tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada endüstri 4.0 yolunda önemli bir yeri olan 3B yazıcılar üzerine kapsamlı bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Mevcut 3B yazıcı teknolojileri hakkında derlenen bilgiler sunulmuştur. 2015 ve 2020 yılları arasında 3B yazıcılarla yapılmış olan dikkat çekici çalışmalardan örnekler sunulmuştur. Yapılan çalışmalar değerlendirildiğinde 3B yazıcıların; otomotiv, biyomedikal, uzay ve havacılık gibi alanlarda öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Gelecekte önemli yer tutacak olan 3B yazıcı teknolojileri başlı başına bir çalışma konusu olmanın yanı sıra farklı disiplinlerdeki araştırmacılar için önemli bir araç olacaktır

Natural fiber-reinforced composites are composite materials composed of natural fibers, such as plant fibers and synthetic biopolymers. These environmentally friendly composites are biodegradable, renewable, cheap, lightweight, and low-density, attracting attention as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic fiber-reinforced composites. In this study, natural fiber-reinforced polymer foam core layered composites were produced for the automotive industry. Fabrics woven from goat wool were used as the natural fiber. Polymer foam with expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) structures was used as the core material. During production, fibers were bonded to the upper and lower layers of the core structures using resin. The hand lay-up method was used in production. After resin application, the samples were cured under a heated press for 2 h. After the production was completed, the material was cut according to the standards (10-20-30 Joule), and impact and bending tests were conducted at three different energy levels. The experiments revealed that at 10 J, the material exhibited rebound; at 20 J, it showed resistance to stabbing; and at 30 J, it experienced penetration. While EPS foam demonstrated higher impact resistance in the 10 J test, it was found that XPS foam exhibited better impact resistance and absorption capabilities in the 20 J and 30 J tests. Due to the open and semi-closed cell structure of EPS foams and the closed cell structure of XPS foams, it has been concluded that XPS foams exhibit higher impact resistance and better energy absorption properties

Layered composites are composite materials created by combining different layers of materials. Each layer can possess unique properties, often tailored to meet specific application or design requirements. These composites have found applications in various sectors due to their features, which include lightness, excellent impact properties, and customization according to specific application areas. In this study, glass fiber reinforced polymer foam core layered composite materials were produced. EPS polymer foam was used as the core material. During production, polymer foams and fibers were bonded to the upper and lower sides of the foams using resin. Samples were produced with 4 and 6 layers on both sides, totaling 8 and 12 layers, respectively. The vacuum bagging method was employed in production, utilizing the manual laying technique. Upon completion of production, the materials were cut into sizes conforming to standards and converted into samples. Subsequently, three-point bending and low-speed impact tests were conducted on the produced samples. As a result of the impact tests, perforation occurred in the 8-layer samples of 200 g m⁻² glass fiber composites, while rebound was observed in the 12-layer samples. Although more deformation occurred in the 8-layer glass fiber composites of 300 g m⁻² than in the 12-layer samples, both sets of experiments resulted in rebound. Similar results to the impact tests were obtained in three-point bending tests, with higher strengths observed in the 12-layer samples compared to the 8-layer samples. Composite samples with fiber layers of 300 g m⁻² exhibited better performance than samples with 200 g m⁻² fibers.

In this study, the Taguchi optimisation technique was utilised to establish the composition of an asbestos-free brake pad. As a result of optimisation outputs, 18 various compositions were obtained. The produced specimens according to outputs were subjected to friction assessment and screening tests to evaluate their average friction coefficient and friction surface temperature. By assessing the results, the composition of brake pads, which can be used in vehicle brakes, was determined. The experimental results were also examined by variance analysis to demonstrate effect factors. Furthermore, when the test results were evaluated in terms of the friction coefficient, wear rate and temperature of the brake disc, a high coefficient of friction, a moderate wear rate and an acceptable temperature of the brake disc were obtained in sample 13. The composition of sample 13, which has the highest friction coefficient, is 3 g brass powder, 9 g cashew, 9 g carbon fibre, 9 g copper dust and 9 g graphite. Lastly, the average friction coefficients of brake pads were estimated through artificial neural network (ANN) analysis. With respect to the results, it was discovered that the generated ANN model promises a high ratio estimation capacity.

In this study, natural fiber reinforced polymer foam core layered composites were produced for the automotive industry. Sheep wool was used as natural fiber. Polymer foam with a single layer XPS foam structure was used as the core material. XPS foams and fibers are bonded to the upper and lower sides of the foams with the help of resin. Samples were produced with one and two layers on both sides, with a total of two and four layers. Production was carried out using the vacuum bagging method using the manual laying method. After the production was completed, it was cut to dimensions in accordance with the standards and experiments were carried out. Compression tests, three-point bending tests and low-speed impact tests were carried out to analyze the energy absorption capabilities of the produced samples. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the samples with a total of two floors provided better performance than the samples with a single layer. In the impact tests, rebound occurred in the double-layered samples in the 10 J impact tests, and punctures or stabbings were detected in the 20 J tests.

In this study, the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer foam core laminated composites were investigated as an alternative to artificial fibers. Sheep wool served as reinforcement and EPS (Expanded Polystyrene Foam) foam as the core, with fibers resin-bonded to both faces of the foam. Two and four-layer samples were produced in total by applying one and two layers to both sides. The production process was carried out with hand lay-up technique and vacuum bagging method. After the production process was completed, the samples were cut with a band saw in accordance with the test standards and tested. To examine the energy absorption capacity of the samples, three-point bending and low-speed impact tests were performed to create SWF force-deformation graphs. As a result of the findings obtained as a result of the tests, it was concluded that the performance of the four-layer samples was better than the two-layer ones. In the impact tests, it was observed that there was a puncture in the single-layer samples at 10 joules and 20 joules impact energies. In double-layered samples, rebound occurred in 10 joule impact tests and puncture or stab occurred in 20 joule energy level. Three-point bending tests yielded results similar to the impact tests.