Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are believed to play a key role in the suppression of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) were excluded from SARS-CoV-2 vaccines trials. Therefore, concerns regarding vaccination efficacy and safety among those patients were raised. Overall, vaccination is well tolerated in the IBD population, and different gastroenterological societies recommend vaccinating patients with IBD at the earliest opportunity to do so. Nevertheless, very little is known about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in special IBD populations such as pregnant and breastfeeding women or pediatric patients, and further research on this matter is crucial. The available data on vaccine efficacy are promising and show high seroconversion rates in IBD patients on different immune-modifying therapies. However, patients treated with high doses of systemic corticosteroids, infliximab or infliximab and immunomodulators may have a blunted response to the vaccination. The data on COVID-19 vaccination willingness among patients with IBD are conflicting. Nevertheless, vaccine effectiveness and safety are reported to be the most common reasons for hesitancy. This review examines the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines and describes vaccination willingness and the reasons for potential hesitancy among patients with IBD.

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder that is triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Untreated or poorly controlled CeD leads to various disease complications, such as malnutrition, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, or refractory celiac disease (RCD). Accumulating recent research has highlighted the association between CeD and the development of malignancies, particularly enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) and small bowel carcinoma (SBC), which are neoplasms with extremely poor prognoses. Genetic alterations in the JAK1–STAT3 pathway and the high prevalence of microsatellite instability may be the main drivers of CeD-associated lymphomagenesis and small bowel oncogenesis and therefore could be an attractive therapeutic target to block cancer transformation. However, to date, the risk factors and exact mechanisms underlying malignancy development in patients with CeD remain unclear, and prospective cohort studies that include molecular profiling are needed. Moreover, current guidelines on the management of CeD do not provide standardized protocols for cancer surveillance—particularly regarding screening intervals, risk stratification, and monitoring strategies for high-risk patients such as those with RCD. This paper reviews the existing knowledge on malignancies in CeD, highlights diagnostic challenges, and discusses future perspectives on the early detection, monitoring, and treatment of CeD-associated neoplasms.

Introduction and Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) technology is being studied more and more as an effective tool in sports injury rehabilitation. This review addresses current evidence concerning the application of VR in recovery from musculoskeletal and neurological injuries, control of pain, and psychological assistance, and potential roles in rehabilitation. State of Knowledge: Evidence indicates that rehabilitation with VR enhances patient engagement with immersive and interactive therapy, which can improve motor function, balance, and functional outcomes overall. VR is used in recovery rehabilitation of ligament injuries, orthopedic surgery, stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury. VR also proves effective as a non-pharmacological method of pain control, with a potential reduction in analgesic needs, such as opioids. Importantly, it was also shown that VR improves mental health by decreasing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder, thereby convincing the audience about the overall benefits of VR-based rehabilitation. Methods The present paper searched the literature on electronic databases, including PubMed and ResearchGate, using the keywords "VR," "virtual reality injury," "virtual reality rehabilitation," "virtual reality pain," "virtual reality psychology," and "virtual reality cognitive function" Articles include randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews between 1999 to the present year, preferring the sources that were published from 2020 and onwards. Conclusions While VR offers a global, patient-centered approach that complements traditional rehabilitation methods, the scientific research in the field is meager. More studies are clearly warranted to establish VR's long-term effects and full potential in rehabilitation. This review highlights the current shortcomings and future promise of VR-based rehabilitation in sports injury rehabilitation.

Introduction and Purpose In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in interest in triathlon among amateur athletes. Despite the undeniable health benefits, participating in such a demanding discipline also carries numerous issues, such as injuries and gastrointestinal disorders. According to some studies, as many as 93% of individuals competing in triathlon events report symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, or diarrhea during exertion. This paper is devoted to examining these issues. Aim of the study We have discussed the most important pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to them, such as splanchnic ischemia, damage to the intestinal epithelium, and increased permeability of intercellular junctions in the intestines. Methods The following paper analyzed studies found on PubMed using keywords such as “exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome”, “gastrointestinal disorder in triathlon”, “EIGS management”, and “triathlon”. Articles include randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published from 1990 to the present day, prioritizing resources published after 2020. Keywords exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome, gastrointestinal disorder in triathlon, EIGS management, triathlon Conclusions Unfortunately, despite numerous studies being conducted, there are still no sufficiently effective methods to prevent these ailments. According to current data, the most effective measures include reduced fiber intake in the pre-competition period and gut training to prepare them for such exertion.

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune condition triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. Although a strict gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the gold standard for treatment, many patients experience ongoing symptoms or fail to achieve mucosal healing due to inadvertent gluten exposure and challenges in long-term adherence. These limitations and growing understanding of the pathophysiology of CeD have prompted the development of non-dietary therapies that target the underlying immune mechanisms of CeD. Emerging therapeutic strategies aim to modulate gluten-triggered immunity, including the inhibition of tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2), blockade of HLA-DQ2.5 and gluten peptide complexes, suppression of interleukin-15 (IL-15), and interference with gut-homing lymphocyte trafficking. Among these, the TG2 inhibitor ZED1227 has demonstrated the most advanced clinical efficacy, while IL-15–targeting agents such as AMG 714 and CALY-002 show promise, particularly in refractory CeD. However, to date, none of those novel immune-modulating strategies have yet demonstrated sufficient efficacy and safety to replace dietary therapy. Therefore, future well-designed, long-term studies are needed to validate the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of immune-mediated therapies and to define their role in personalized management of CeD.

Mouthguards, also referred to as mouth protectors or intraoral protective devices, are designed to safeguard teeth and surrounding soft tissues from injury during sports activities. Typically made from materials such as EVA, acrylics, silicone, and polyurethane, mouthguards play a vital role in preventing dental trauma, including tooth fractures, luxation, soft tissue damage, and jaw injuries. Custom-made variants, particularly those created through digital workflows and 3D printing, offer improved comfort, occlusal fit, and protective efficiency, with ongoing advancements promising further enhancements through biocompatible, rubber-like materials. Proper occlusal adjustment, such as flat grinding, enhances contact and comfort, contributing to better user compliance. Research suggests custom mouthguards not only offer superior protection compared to over-the-counter options but may also positively influence athletic performance, including balance and muscle activation through mechanisms like concurrent activation potentiation. Despite their benefits, cost and accessibility remain barriers to widespread use. Thus, custom-made mouthguards are strongly recommended for athletes engaged in high-impact sports to ensure optimal protection and performance support.