Kim KH, et al. World J Mens Health. 2023 Jan;41:e1. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.220100

Kim KH, et al. Investig Clin Urol. 2023 Apr;64:e24. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20230006

Prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BCa), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are the most prevalent cancer among urological cancers. However, there are no cancer-specific symptoms that can differentiate them as well as early clinical signs of urological malignancy. Furthermore, many metabolic studies have been conducted to discover their biomarkers, but the metabolic profiling study to discriminate between these cancers have not yet been described. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the urinary metabolic differences in male patients with PCa (n = 24), BCa (n = 29), and RCC (n = 12) to find the prominent combination of metabolites between cancers. Based on ¹H NMR analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was applied to find distinct metabolites among cancers. Moreover, the ranked analysis of covariance by adjusting a potential confounding as age revealed that 4-hydroxybenzoate, N-methylhydantoin, creatinine, glutamine, and acetate had significantly different metabolite levels among groups. The receiver operating characteristic analysis created by prominent five metabolites showed the great discriminatory accuracy with area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7 for BCa vs. RCC, PCa vs. BCa, and RCC vs. PCa. This preliminary study compares the metabolic profiles of BCa, PCa, and RCC, and reinforces the exploratory role of metabolomics in the investigation of human urine.

Lee CH, et al. Investig Clin Urol. 2025 Oct;66:e64. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20250313

Choi J, et al. Investig Clin Urol. 2024 May;65(3):248-255. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20230313

Park JH, et al. Investig Clin Urol. 2025 Jul;66:e49. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20250165