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Field experiments were carried out in Huantai County from 2006 to 2008 to evaluate the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization and irrigation management practices on water leakage and nitrate leaching in the dominant wheat–maize rotation system in the North China Plain (NCP). Two N fertilization (NF1, the traditional one; NF2, fertilization based on soil testing) and two irrigation (IR1, the traditional one; IR2, irrigation based on real-time soil water content monitoring) management practices were designed in the experiments. Water and nitrate amounts leaving the soil layer at a depth of 2.0 m below the soil surface were calculated and compared. Results showed that the IR2 effectively reduced water leakage and nitrate leaching amounts in the two-year period, especially in the winter wheat season. Less than 10 percent irrigation water could be saved in a dry winter wheat season, but about 60 percent could be saved in a wet winter wheat season. Besides, 58.8 percent nitrate under single NF2IR1 and 85.2 percent under NF2IR2 could be prevented from leaching. The IR2 should be considered as the best management practice to save groundwater resources and prevent nitrate from leaching. The amounts of N input play a great role in affecting nitrate concentrations in the soil solutions in the winter wheat–summer maize rotation system. The NF2 significantly reduced N inputs and should be encouraged in ordinary agricultural production. Thus, nitrate leaching and groundwater contamination could be alleviated, but timely N supplement might be needed under high precipitation condition.
Shufeng Chen; Chengchun Sun; Wenliang Wu; Changhong Sun. Water Leakage and Nitrate Leaching Characteristics in the Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation System in the North China Plain under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Management Practices. Water 2017, 9, 141 .
AMA StyleShufeng Chen, Chengchun Sun, Wenliang Wu, Changhong Sun. Water Leakage and Nitrate Leaching Characteristics in the Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation System in the North China Plain under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Management Practices. Water. 2017; 9 (2):141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShufeng Chen; Chengchun Sun; Wenliang Wu; Changhong Sun. 2017. "Water Leakage and Nitrate Leaching Characteristics in the Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation System in the North China Plain under Different Irrigation and Fertilization Management Practices." Water 9, no. 2: 141.
Excessive inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus (N and P) degrade surface water quality worldwide. Impoundment of reservoirs alters the N and P balance of a basin. In this study, riverine nutrient loads from the upper Yangtze River basin (YRB) at the Yichang station were estimated using Load Estimator (LOADEST). Long-term load trends and monthly variabilities during three sub-periods based on the construction phases of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) were analyzed statistically. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loads from the upper YRB for the period from 1990 to 2009 ranged from 30.47 × 104 to 78.14 × 104 t, while the total phosphorus (TP) loads ranged from 2.54 × 104 to 7.85 × 104 t. DIN increased rapidly from 1995 to 2002 mainly as a result of increased fertilizer use. Statistics of fertilizer use in the upper YRB agreed on this point. However, the trend of the TP loads reflected the combined effect of removal by sedimentation in reservoirs and increased anthropogenic inputs. After the TGD impoundment in 2003, decreasing trends in both DIN and TP loads were found. The reduction in DIN was mainly caused by ammonium consumption and transference. From an analysis of monthly loads, it was found that DIN had a high correlation to discharges. For TP loads, an average decrease of 4.91 % in October was found when the TGD impoundment occurred, but an increase of 4.23 % also occurred in July, corresponding to the washout from sediment deposited in the reservoir before July. Results of this study revealed the TGD had affected nutrient loads in the basin, and it had played a role in nutrient reduction after its operation.
Chengchun Sun; Zhenyao Shen; Ruimin Liu; Ming Xiong; Fangbing Ma; Ouyang Zhang; Yangyang Li; Lei Chen. Historical trend of nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the upper Yangtze River basin and their responses to the Three Gorges Dam. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2013, 20, 8871 -8880.
AMA StyleChengchun Sun, Zhenyao Shen, Ruimin Liu, Ming Xiong, Fangbing Ma, Ouyang Zhang, Yangyang Li, Lei Chen. Historical trend of nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the upper Yangtze River basin and their responses to the Three Gorges Dam. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2013; 20 (12):8871-8880.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChengchun Sun; Zhenyao Shen; Ruimin Liu; Ming Xiong; Fangbing Ma; Ouyang Zhang; Yangyang Li; Lei Chen. 2013. "Historical trend of nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the upper Yangtze River basin and their responses to the Three Gorges Dam." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, no. 12: 8871-8880.
The TRAMO/SEATS program, combined with the Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter, was used to detect trends and potential change points in time series of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) at three stations along the Yangtze River. The trend components were extracted, and two change points were successfully detected. The components revealed that DIN has been increasing at all the stations since the 1990s, although variations exist. Changes visible before 2002 illustrate the differences in agriculture development among regions upstream from the stations. The Three-Gorges Dam (TGD), which began to impound in 2003, led to years of different trends. The DIN concentration, which had been trending upward prior to that date, began a slightly downward trend because of NH4+ depletion. Readings at the Yichang station revealed this trend most strongly; those at the Hankou station less so. The Datong station was far enough away from the TGD so that no obvious effects were seen.
C.C. Sun; Z.Y. Shen; M. Xiong; F.B. Ma; Y.Y. Li; L. Chen; R.M. Liu. Trend of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at stations downstream from the Three-Gorges Dam of Yangtze River. Environmental Pollution 2013, 180, 13 -18.
AMA StyleC.C. Sun, Z.Y. Shen, M. Xiong, F.B. Ma, Y.Y. Li, L. Chen, R.M. Liu. Trend of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at stations downstream from the Three-Gorges Dam of Yangtze River. Environmental Pollution. 2013; 180 ():13-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC.C. Sun; Z.Y. Shen; M. Xiong; F.B. Ma; Y.Y. Li; L. Chen; R.M. Liu. 2013. "Trend of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at stations downstream from the Three-Gorges Dam of Yangtze River." Environmental Pollution 180, no. : 13-18.