This research investigates the effects of iron tailings content on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete under dry–wet cycling and negative temperature conditions (−10 °C), where iron tailings replace river sand at rates of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. A variety of tests were conducted on the iron tailings concrete, including compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, mass loss, and relative dynamic modulus, and its pore characteristics were analyzed using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The results reveal that when 20% of the river sand was replaced with iron tailings, the concrete achieved optimal splitting strength, compressive strength, and flexural strength at 28 days, improving by 0.46 MPa, 3.14 MPa, and 0.41 MPa, respectively, compared to conventional concrete. Furthermore, the concrete containing this proportion of iron tailings demonstrated superior mechanical properties and durability in both negative temperature conditions and dry–wet cycling experiments. Due to the excellent physical and chemical properties of iron tailings, they enhance the performance of concrete when incorporated in appropriate quantities. The fine granularity of iron tailings helps to compensate for the granularity defects in concrete aggregates by filling internal voids, optimizing the pore structure, and improving the concrete’s density and integrity. This enhances the concrete’s mechanical properties and its resistance to external solutions and harmful ion penetration. Additionally, the active substances in iron tailings promote the hydration reaction of cement, leading to the formation of an increased amount of C-S-H gel and other hydration products in the cement system.

The second invariant of deviatoric stress of the coal and rock mass is closely related to the distortion energy driving the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock. Based on the second invariant of deviatoric stress, this study built a global model of gob-side entry with different widths of the coal pillar through numerical analysis, and compared and analyzed the evolution law of the surrounding rock distortion energy, plastic location state, and roadway deformation with the width of the coal pillar. This study concluded that the peak distortion energy in the virgin coal rib and the roof and floor of the gob-side entry gradually increases with the reduction in the coal pillar width. When the coal pillar width is 5 m, the second invariant peak value of deviatoric stress in the virgin coal rib reaches the maximum of 294.8 MPa². When the width of the coal pillar is reduced from 30 m to 5 m, the second invariant of the deviatoric stress in the side of the coal pillar and the roof and floor of the side presents the law of first increasing and then decreasing. The greater the damage degree of the coal pillar, the smaller the distortion energy it contains. The distortion energy is the key factor in driving the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock. The greater the distortion energy, the greater the deformation degree of the surrounding rock, the more vulnerable it is to external mining stress disturbance, and the greater the difficulty in controlling the stability of the roadway-surrounding rock.

Meteorological and hydrological changes have an important influence on the ice formation mechanism and the detailed structure of ice materials in cold reservoirs, and directly determine the mechanical properties of ice materials. Based on long-term meteorological and hydrological monitoring data, and detailed structural evolution analysis of ice materials, combined with fracture mechanics and energy methods, a comprehensive fracture model of ice materials in cold regions is established. At the same time, the fracture mechanics test results and simulation results of ice materials are compared, and the model is finally optimized accurately to provide theoretical support for the study of the mechanical mechanism of ice materials.