This study is aimed at exploring the effects of Bacillus coagulans NRS 609 on the growth performance, intestinal health, antioxidant activity, and immune response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by colonizing the intestinal tract with the beneficial strain. Gavage B. coagulans with GFP-tag at 10⁹ CFU/mL into common carp for 7 days. Results indicated that B. coagulans were maintained in the intestine for at least 14 days. Four groups fed B. coagulans at different levels of inclusion, including 0 (CK), (A), (B), and (C) CFU/g of feed for 8 weeks. Experimental groups showed significantly better growth performance than the control ( ). The treatment groups had higher digestive enzyme activity, villus height, and muscle thickness than the control ( ). Supplementation with B. coagulans also altered the composition of the intestinal flora. In addition, an enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme and a reduction of malondialdehyde in the liver were observed with the addition of B. coagulans ( ). Moreover, the cytokines of IL-1β and IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-β, significant upregulation in experimental groups ( ). Based on the results, the optimal level of B. coagulans was 10⁷ CFU/g in diets for common carp.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used for their physical and chemical properties. Toxicological assessments of ILs could help to avoid their threat to human health, but these are rarely reported, and no assessments of IL neurotoxicity in mammals have been performed. Here, we aimed to evaluate the neurotoxicity of chronic 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8mim][PF6]) (0, 1 mg/kg) exposure during development on rats. Our results indicated that chronic exposure to low-dose ([C8mim][PF6]) induces behavioural abnormalities, including cognitive deficits, social communication disorders, and sensory gating function impairment. Moreover, rats subjected to chronic ([C8mim][PF6]) exposure showed hypofunction of glutamatergic excitatory synapses, including increased expression of NMDA receptor subunits, increased density and immaturity of dendritic spines, and increased expression of PSD95. Additionally, ([C8mim][PF6]) exposure resulted in hippocampal-specific inflammatory activation, indicated by increased levels of proinflammatory factors, elevated nuclear localisation of NF-κB, and activation of microglia and astrocytes. In conclusion, chronic exposure to low-dose ([C8mim][PF6]) induced neurotoxicity, including damage to glutamatergic excitatory synapses and inflammatory activation, which may illuminate the associated behavioural abnormalities. The results presented here may be helpful for the safe use of ILs in the future.