Using the China Household Income Project 2007 data and imputing health and education benefits through microsimulation, this article provides evidence on how the inclusion of health and education benefits might change the estimated size, structure and redistributive effects of the Chinese social welfare system. We find that the inequalities in social welfare systems across the urban–rural–migrant populations persisted, reinforcing the multidimensional inequalities in health and education well documented in the literature. Imputed health benefits were larger and played a greater redistributive role in urban areas than for their rural and migrant peers. Imputed education benefits, on the other hand, played a more equalising role in rural and migrant populations as compared to the urban population. These results highlight the importance for China to use health and education benefits effectively to mitigate such multidimensional inequalities and enhance the life opportunities of disadvantaged citizens, especially children.

Older adults have more health-care needs and higher financial burdens but fewer income resources compared to other age groups in China. Meanwhile, substantial inequalities exist between rural and urban older adults in terms of welfare benefits level, access to health care, quality of care and financial resources to pay for health-care services. Using 2011–2013 panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and a difference-in-differences methodology, this study examined the association between the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and health-related quality of life among older adults in China. To distinguish the dynamic of CHE and generate rigorous estimates, we categorised the older adults into four groups: CHE entry group, non-CHE group, CHE exit group and CHE persistent group. Overall, we found that entry into CHE was associated with poorer physical and mental health for both rural and urban older adults, but this association was more consistent and robust for physical than for mental health. Exiting CHE was found to have a weak and sporadic positive association with physical and mental health across rural and urban areas. The results suggest that financial resources and social services are needed in China to support older adults who experience CHE persistently or periodically to help improve their health outcomes.

Population aging has been occurring rapidly in China. It raises the issue of unmet needs of health-related consumption among older families. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and a propensity score matching method, this article examines whether welfare receipt is associated with changed consumption patterns among older families (i.e., main respondent was 60 years old or older or whose spouse was 60 years old or older if married). We found that welfare receipt was significantly associated with increased health expenditures of older families in rural but not in urban China. In neither area did it affect these families’ spending to meet daily survival needs such as food and clothing. For rural older families, welfare receipt was associated with increased expenditures on informal health care. It also enabled less vulnerable households to have more self-treatment expenses. However, welfare receipt did not boost expenditures on clinic and hospital visits for either rural or urban families.

The old-age dependency ratio (ODR) is an important indicator reflecting the degree of a regional population’s aging. In the context of aging, this study provides a timely and effective method for predicting the ODR in Chinese cities. Using the provincial ODR from the Seventh National Population Census and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light data, this study aims to predict and analyze the spatial correlation of the municipal ODR in Chinese cities. First, the prediction model of the ODR was established with curve regression. Second, the spatial structure of the municipal ODR was investigated using the Moran’s I method. The experimental results show the following: (1) the correlation between the sum of the nighttime light and ODR is greater than the mean of nighttime light in the study areas; (2) the Sigmoid model fits better than other regression models using the provincial ODR in the past ten years; and (3) there exists an obvious spatial agglomeration and dependence on the municipal ODR. The findings indicate that it is reasonable to use nighttime light data to predict the municipal ODR in large and medium-sized cities. Our approach can provide support for future regional censuses and spatial simulations.