Despite remarkable advances in cancer therapeutics, conventional treatments still face significant hurdles, including systemic toxicity, poor tumor specificity, multidrug resistance, and suboptimal intracellular delivery. Lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNCs) have emerged as versatile platforms for delivering therapeutic RNA molecules, offering biocompatibility and tunable properties that enhance drug stability and bioavailability. Functionalizing these nanocarriers with antibodies has unlocked new potential for achieving precise tumor targeting, leveraging the overexpression of specific receptors on cancer cells. This review provides a comprehensive and focused update on recent developments in antibody-decorated LBNCs designed for RNA-based cancer gene therapy. We discuss cutting-edge advances in conjugation chemistries, including site-specific strategies such as strain-promoted click reactions and Fc-glycan engineering, as well as the integration of emerging antibody formats, including nanobodies and single-domain antibodies. Furthermore, we present studies reporting the various LBNC formulations, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and hybrid systems, highlighting their physicochemical characteristics, in vitro and in vivo performance, and the critical trade-offs between targeting specificity and endosomal escape efficiency. Epidemiological data underscore the pressing need for such innovations, particularly in aggressive and hard-to-treat cancers. While promising, clinical translation remains hindered by challenges in scalable manufacturing, regulatory approval, and biological complexity. Continued interdisciplinary research is essential to transform antibody-functionalized LBNCs from experimental strategies into clinically viable solutions for next-generation, RNA-based cancer therapies.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and brain tumors are debilitating neurological conditions that pose significant challenges in current medical practices. Existing treatment options for AD primarily focus on symptom management, and brain tumors often require aggressive therapeutic approaches. Novel disease-modifying strategies and therapeutic agents are urgently needed to address the underlying causes of AD pathogenesis and improve brain tumor management. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promise as valuable tools in diagnosing and managing various brain disorders, including AD. Among these, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have garnered attention for their unique properties and biomedical potential. Their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with ease opens up new possibilities for targeted drug delivery and neuroprotection. This literature review aims to explore the versatile nature of CNTs, which can be functionalized with various biomolecules or substances due to their sp2 hybridization. This adaptability enables them to specifically target cells and deliver medications under specific environmental conditions. Moreover, CNTs possess an exceptional capacity to penetrate cell membranes, making them valuable tools in the treatment of AD and brain tumors. By delving into the role of CNTs in biomedicine, this review sheds light on their potential in managing AD, offering a glimpse of hope for effective disease-modifying options. Understanding the mechanisms of CNTs’ action and their capabilities in targeting and delivering medication to affected cells will pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies that can improve the lives of those afflicted with these devastating neurological conditions. The exploration of CNTs as a dual therapeutic arsenal for both brain tumors and Alzheimer’s disease holds great promise and may usher in a new era of effective treatment strategies for these challenging conditions.

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a significant public health issue, with diagnosis often complicated by non-specific symptoms and limited access to specialised tools. Early detection is vital for preventing long-term complications. The review examines diagnostic challenges, prognostic factors, management strategies, and future advancements in CO poisoning. It highlights the limitations of current diagnostic techniques such as blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels and pulse CO-oximetry, while exploring emerging methods for rapid detection. Prognosis is influenced by exposure severity and delayed treatment, which increases the risk of neurological damage. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) remains the primary treatment but is not always accessible. Advances in portable CO-oximeters and biomarkers offer potential for improved early diagnosis and monitoring. Addressing resource limitations and refining treatment protocols are crucial for better patient outcomes. Future research should focus on personalised management strategies and the integration of modern technologies to enhance care.

The integration of artificial intelligence and personalized medicine is transforming HIV management by enhancing diagnostics, treatment optimization, and disease monitoring. Advances in machine learning, deep neural networks, and multi-omics data analysis enable precise prognostication, tailored antiretroviral therapy, and early detection of drug resistance. AI-driven models analyze vast genomic, proteomic, and clinical datasets to refine treatment strategies, predict disease progression, and pre-empt therapy failures. Additionally, AI-powered diagnostic tools, including deep learning imaging and natural language processing, improve screening accuracy, particularly in resource-limited settings. Despite these innovations, challenges such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the need for clinical validation remain. Successful integration of AI into HIV care requires robust regulatory frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration, and equitable technology access. This review explores both the potential and limitations of AI in HIV management, emphasizing the need for ethical implementation and expanded research to maximize its impact. AI-driven approaches hold great promise for a more personalized, efficient, and effective future in HIV treatment and care.

Parkinson's disease (PD) remains one of the most formidable challenges in central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery due to the restrictive blood–brain barrier (BBB) and limited efficacy of current dopaminergic therapies. Lipid-based nanocarriers, including liposomes, cubosomes, and nanostructured lipid carriers, have emerged as versatile nose-to-brain platforms offering rapid CNS access, dual encapsulation of synthetic and plant-derived neuroprotective agents, and tunable release kinetics. This review bridges nanoscale material design (e.g., lipid crystallinity, phase transitions, hybridization with plant exosomes) with intranasal transport pathways and therapeutic outcomes in PD. We highlight multifunctional innovations such as stimuli-responsive lipid systems, exosome–cubosome hybrids, and AI-guided formulation modeling coupled with microfluidic manufacturing. By linking mechanistic insights with translational hurdles—including safety and regulatory challenges—we provide a forward-looking roadmap for next-generation nanotherapies poised to redefine PD management and accelerate clinical translation.