The present study aimed to analyze mid horizontal facial third proportions, those being the interpupillary, inner intercanthal, and bizygomatic distance modified with golden proportion, The Preston proportion, golden percentage and 70% recurring esthetic dental proportion were used for determining maxillary anterior teeth width. A total of 230 participants took part in this study. The front dental and facial photographs along dental stone cast which were converted to three-dimensional (3D) models were used for evaluation. The mid horizontal facial third proportions showed no significant relationship with maxillary anterior teeth width without modification with dental proportions. Whereas, with modification, no statistically significant difference was found between inner-intercanthal distance by golden percentage and width of central incisors. The bizygomatic distance was greater than intercanine distance. While the interpupillary distance by golden proportion was found to be consistent with intercanine distance in female participants. The modified anterior teeth width was significantly different from measured values, when determined by using the three mid facial proportions with Preston and 70% recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion. Furthermore, the measured width of maxillary anterior teeth showed no difference when plaster dental casts widths were compared with 3D models. The interpupillary, inner-intercanthal, and bizygomatic distance should not be directly used to determine maxillary anterior teeth width. While maxillary anterior teeth width can be determined by modifying the inner inter-canthal distance with golden percentage and interpupillary distance with golden proportion. Moreover, the midfacial third proportions modified with Preston and 70% recurrent esthetic dental proportion were found to be unreliable for the determination of maxillary anterior teeth widths.

Objective. To analyze the width and height ratios of maxillary anterior teeth at different crown levels through photographs, 3D, and plaster dental model techniques in a subset of the Pakistani population. Material and Methods. This clinical study consisted of 230 participants. The maxillary impression, standardized photographs, and models were constructed for crown width and height analysis. The SPSS version 25 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out for mean, standard deviation, and percentage calculation of teeth width and height, gender, and age of participants. Paired t‐test analysis was carried out to compare the dependent variables (teeth size, width, and height ratios) with independent variables (techniques applied, side disparity). A p value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The mean width and height of maxillary anterior teeth obtained through photographs, 3D, and plater models were statistically different. The 3D dental model analysis showed reliable and accurate results. The mean width and height ratio of teeth were different on both sides of the arch. There was a significant difference (p = 0.001) in crown width‐height ratios at different crown levels. Conclusion. The width and height ratios in the studied population were different at various crown levels. The dimensions of teeth varied from the incisal to the cervical part of the crown. Hence, rather than relying on a single, fixed ratio of 78% to 80% suggested by researchers for anterior teeth, the clinician should adopt different crown width‐height ratios to restore teeth with the optimum esthetic outcome.

Obtaining the size of the maxillary anterior teeth when performing an esthetic smile rehabilitation can be a difficult task. Metrics based on dental proportions to assist in the process are required. This study aimed to evaluate the lower facial third proportions i.e., the interalar, interphiltral, and intercommisural distance with dental proportions in predicting maxillary anterior teeth width in Pakistani citizens. This analytical study was conducted on 230 participants. Front face and retracted smile photographs were captured for all the participants, followed by maxillary impression making. The cast was then converted to 3D models for analysis. The data were entered into SPSS-25. Descriptive statistics were carried out for frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage calculation of gender, teeth widths, horizontal mid facial proportions, and age of the participants. Independent t-test was applied for analysis of gender and arch side disparity. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship between independent variables (gender, age, weight, and height) and dependent variables (horizontal facial proportion, dental proportion). A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The interphiltral distance (IPLD) modified with Preston proportion (PRP) showed no significant difference with combined central incisor width, whereas a significant difference was found with golden proportion (GP), 70% recurrent esthetic dental (RED) proportion, and golden percentage (GM) modification. However, the interalar (IAD) and intercommisural distance (ICoD) modified with dental proportions showed a significant difference with maxillary anterior teeth width. The width of maxillary anterior teeth determined by plaster dental cast and 3D dental cast showed no significant difference. The ICoD, IAD, and IPLD could not be used to determine combined central incisor and intercanine width directly. The interphiltral distance modified with Preston proportion is a reliable method to predict combined central incisor width in the population studied. There was a significant difference in gender disparity when ICD, IAD, and IPLD were modified with dental proportions, except in the case of IPLD by the Preston proportion group. The golden proportion, 70% RED proportion, and golden percentage by lower facial third facial proportions are not reliable methods to predict maxillary anterior teeth width.

Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) remain a major healthcare burden in Asian countries. In Pakistan alone, it is the most common cancer in males and second only to breast cancer in females. Alarmingly, treatment options for OSCC remain limited. With this context, investigations made to explore the inflammatory milieu of OSCC become highly relevant, with the hope of practicing immunotherapeutic approaches to address this highly prevalent tumor. We investigated the newly identified innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and associated cytokines in well-defined human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as well as in a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced murine model of OSCC using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We further went on to explore molecular circuitry involved in OSCC by developing a murine model of OSCC and using an α-Thy1 antibody to inhibit ILCs. Amongst the ILCs that we found in human OSCC, ILC3 (23%) was the most abundant, followed by ILC2 (17%) and ILC1 (1%). Mice were divided into four groups: DMBA (n = 33), DMBA+antibody (Ab) (n = 30), acetone (n = 5), and control (n = 5). In murine OSCC tissues, ILC1 and ILC3 were down-infiltrated, while ILC2 remained unchanged compared to controls. Interestingly, compared to the controls (DMBA group), mice treated with the α-Thy1 antibody showed fewer numbers of large tumors, and a larger percentage of these mice were tumor-free at this study’s end point. We present novel data on the differential expansion/downsizing of ILCs in OSCC, which provides a pivotal basis to dive deeper into molecular circuitry and the OSCC tumor niche to devise novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic strategies to prevent/treat oral cancers.

Background The spatial organization of immune checkpoint, metabolic, and cytokine effector markers within the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumor microenvironment remains uncharacterized. TIGIT, CD39, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were selected to capture complementary arms of immune regulation, checkpoint inhibition, metabolic suppression, and cytokine effector function, whose spatial interplay may influence clinical outcomes. This study investigated their compartment-specific expression and prognostic significance in OSCC tumor tissues and peritumoral stroma. Methods Eighty OSCC cases were evaluated. Immunohistochemical expressions of TIGIT, CD39, TNF-α, and IFN-γ markers were assessed separately in tumor compartment and peritumoral stroma. Associations with overall survival were examined using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests and TNM stage-adjusted Cox regression. Results CD39, TIGIT, and TNF-α showed predominantly intermediate-to-high expression in peritumoral stroma, with descriptively different patterns across compartments. TIGIT positivity was associated with lower mortality hazard in both compartments (tumor: HR = 0.29; stroma: HR = 0.21). IFN-γ positivity was associated with lower mortality hazard in stroma (HR = 0.49), while no significant association was observed in tumor (HR = 0.85). Conclusions TIGIT and IFN-γ are associated with improved survival in OSCC, with TIGIT showing consistent associations across compartments and IFN-γ demonstrating stromal specificity. These findings suggest that tissue compartment may influence the prognostic relevance of immune biomarkers and may support future compartment-aware approaches to risk stratification and immune profiling. Validation in larger, independent cohorts is warranted.

Background: Recent advancements in assisted reproductive technology and delayed parenthood have led to a surge in twin pregnancies, with a high incidence of preterm birth (PTB) due to cervical insufficiency. Current guidelines recommend cervical cerclage for twin pregnancies before 24 weeks; however, data on cerclage efficacy beyond 24 weeks is scarce. Objective: This exploratory, hypothesis‐generating study is aimed at examining the associations of cervical cerclage on pregnancy duration and neonatal outcomes in twin pregnancies with a short cervix between 24 and 27 + 6 weeks. Methods: This retrospective cohort study, conducted between July 1991 and July 2023 at Women′s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, involved twin pregnancies with a short cervix (≤ 25 mm) during the gestational period ranging from 24 weeks to 27 + 6 weeks. Skilled obstetricians performed cervical cerclage. Data on maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected and analyzed using statistical tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 73 twin pregnancies were analyzed. Participants were categorized into ultrasound‐indicated cerclage group ( n = 22), physical examination‐indicated cerclage group ( n = 33), and control group ( n = 18). The ultrasound‐indicated cerclage group showed significantly longer presentation‐to‐birth intervals (60.77 ± 21.64 days, p = 0.007) and higher birth weights (larger twin: 2273.33 ± 566.09 g, p = 0.026; smaller twin: 2086.90 ± 526.58 g, p = 0.029) compared with the control group. No significant differences were found in gestational age at delivery, Apgar scores, cesarean delivery rates, maternal morbidity, and neonatal morbidity among both groups. Conclusions: Ultrasound‐indicated cerclage in twin pregnancies at 24–27 + 6 weeks was observed to prolong presentation‐to‐birth interval and increase birth weight, whereas physical examination‐indicated cerclage showed no statistically significant association with the measured outcomes. A randomized controlled clinical trial is needed to validate these findings.