This study reports the isolation and functional characterization of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) CD4-1⁺ T cells and the establishment of an IL-15–dependent CD4-1⁺ T cell line. By using Abs specific for CD4-1 and CD3ε it was possible to isolate the double-positive T cells in spleen and head kidney. The morphology and the presence of transcripts for T cell markers in the sorted CD4-1⁺CD3ε⁺ cells were studied next. Cells were found to express TCRα, TCRβ, CD152 (CTLA-4), CD154 (CD40L), T-bet, GATA-3, and STAT-1. The sorted CD4-1⁺ T cells also had a distinctive functional attribute of mammalian T lymphocytes, namely they could undergo Ag-specific proliferation, using OVA as a model Ag. The OVA-stimulated cells showed increased expression of several cytokines, including IFN-γ1, IL-4/13A, IL-15, IL-17D, IL-10, and TGF-β1, perhaps indicating that T cell proliferation led to differentiation into distinct effector phenotypes. Using IL-15 as a growth factor, we have selected a lymphoid cell line derived from rainbow trout head kidney cells. The morphology, cell surface expression of CD4-1, and the presence of transcripts of T cell cytokines and transcription factors indicated that this is a CD4-1⁺ T cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the presence of CD4-1⁺CD3ε⁺ T cells in salmonids. As in mammals, CD4-1⁺ T cells may be the master regulators of immune responses in fish, and therefore these findings and the new model T cell line developed will contribute to a greater understanding of T cell function and immune responses in teleost fish.

Rotaviruses transcribe mRNA containing a 7mGpppGmp cap at the 5′ end in vitro. Guanylyltransferase activity associated with the viral particle was detected by SDS-PAGE due to the formation of a nucleotide-enzyme complex when the virus was incubated with [α-32P]GTP. Using purified viral particles it was shown that only the core polypeptide VP3 exhibits the ability to form a complex with the nucleotide. The reaction is specific for GTP or dGTP when Mg2+ is used as a cofactor. The reaction also depends on the incubation temperature and the pH, as described for other guanylyltransferases. The GMP-VP3 complex transfers the GMP to pyrophosphate, synthesizing GTP or GDP, resulting in the formation of a GpppG cap. These properties of the complex allowed the core polypeptide VP3 to be identified as the rotavirus guanylyltransferase.