The past few years have witnessed extensive global industrial development that has led to massive pollution to most available water resources. There is no alternative to sustainable development, and the utilization of agricultural waste for wastewater treatment has been always a novel milestone in sustainable development goals. Agricultural-waste-based nano-activated carbon exhibits high porosity, great surface area, and unique surface functional groups that promote it to becoming a future and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment applications. Several modification approaches have been made to further enhance the adsorption capacity and reusability of such adsorbents. In this review, we presented the potential of agricultural-waste-based nano-activated carbon as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. We highlighted the fabrication process and properties of different nano-activated carbons in addition to different modification approaches to enhance its adsorption capacity. Finally, we critically discussed the recent advances in nano-activated carbon applications in water treatment including its role in drinking water filtration, organic dye removal, oil spill applications, heavy metals removal and the elimination of toxic compounds from wastewater.

In addition to environmental concerns, the presence of microorganisms in plastic food packaging can be hazardous to human health. In this work, cinnamon nanoparticles incorporated with red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) biopolymer films were fabricated using a solvent casting method. Cinnamon was used as a filler to enhance the properties of the films at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7% w/w) by incorporating it into the matrix network. The physico-chemical, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of the cinnamon biopolymer films were obtained using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), water contact angle (WCA) measurement, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical testing, and antimicrobial testing, respectively. The results showed that the addition of cinnamon nanoparticles to the film improved the morphological, mechanical, thermal, wettability, and antibacterial properties of the nanocomposite films. The cinnamon particles were successfully reduced to nano-sized particles with an average diameter between 1 nm and 100 nm. The hydrophobicity of the film increased as the concentration of cinnamon nanoparticles incorporated into the seaweed matrix increased. The tensile and thermal properties of the cinnamon seaweed biopolymer film were significantly improved with the presence of cinnamon nanoparticles. The biopolymer films exhibited good inhibitory activity at 7% cinnamon nanoparticles against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Salmonella bacteria with inhibition zone diameters of 11.39, 10.27, and 12.46 mm, indicating the effective antimicrobial activity of the biopolymer film. The functional properties of the fabricated biopolymer film were enhanced with the addition of cinnamon nanoparticles.