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Jiao-Jun Zhu
CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang 110016, China

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Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Forest gaps play an important role in tree regeneration and forest restoration in modern silviculture. Many previous studies examined gap effects on seedling survival, growth, or both but lacked a systemic assessment incorporating morphological and physiological responses to varying environmental gradients along gap size and within-gap position, which limits foresters to understand the general gap impacts on the early stage of regeneration. Here, we systemically evaluated gap impacts on over 20 regeneration-related variables from two dominant tree species (Manchurian walnut [Juglans mandshurica Maxim.] and Korean spruce [Picea koraiensis Nakai]) planted along the gap-understory gradients based on our previous studies of survival and growth of these two species. The factor analysis of mixed data indicated that seedling specific leaf area, biomass allocation, chlorophyll content, and NSC content in gaps were largely determined by interspecific differences, but seedling survival, growth, and biomass accumulation were mainly related to gap size and within-gap position. Specifically, the net photosynthetic rates of Manchurian walnut were higher in large and medium gaps (or gap centers and transitions) than those in small gaps and forest understory (or gap edges). The root starch content of seedlings in gaps was almost twice as much as that in the forest understory, which also reflected species divergence in gaps. By contrast, Korean spruce exhibited less variation in net photosynthesis and root starch content and fewer differences for most other examined variables, which indicated that it had broad ecological niches and a relatively small gap would promote its regeneration during the seedling stage. Our findings provide evidence of gap partitioning on explaining regeneration patterns of light-demanding species. Therefore, gap size and within-gap position can compensate for each other during gap-based silviculture practices. Timely selective logging can extend an existing gap in a specific direction to change the relative position of target tree species for better light conditions. Appropriate selection and match of tree species to gap size and within-gap position during enrichment planting can improve gap space utilization.

ACS Style

Deliang Lu; Jiaojun Zhu; Xiaoyu Wang; Guangyou Hao; G. Geoff Wang. A systematic evaluation of gap size and within-gap position effects on seedling regeneration in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management 2021, 490, 119140 .

AMA Style

Deliang Lu, Jiaojun Zhu, Xiaoyu Wang, Guangyou Hao, G. Geoff Wang. A systematic evaluation of gap size and within-gap position effects on seedling regeneration in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management. 2021; 490 ():119140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deliang Lu; Jiaojun Zhu; Xiaoyu Wang; Guangyou Hao; G. Geoff Wang. 2021. "A systematic evaluation of gap size and within-gap position effects on seedling regeneration in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China." Forest Ecology and Management 490, no. : 119140.

Journal article
Published: 30 January 2021 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Forest gaps are essential small-scale disturbances in forest succession. However, little attention has been paid to the long-term effects of gap dynamics on woody species regeneration and succession. We selected 20 medium and 25 large gaps representing a range of age classes (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 years) from remote-sensing images obtained in 1964, 1976, 1986, 1993, 2003, and 2014 to examine long-term gap regeneration processes in a secondary forest in Northeast China. We conducted field surveys to determine the regeneration status, density index (DI), and richness index (RI) of selected gaps. The importance value (IV) of each woody species was calculated, and all species were classified by shade tolerance. The results showed that in gaps of 0–10 years, the DI and RI were mainly dominated by shade-intolerant species in large gaps and intermediate species in medium gaps. When gap age increased to 10–20 years, the greatest RI was observed in large gaps due to an increase in intermediate species, and the dominant species (IV > 0.1) changed from shrubs to trees (Acer mono). The DI and RI decreased over time in medium gaps, but A. mono remained the dominant species in these gaps. By 20–30 years after gap formation, large gaps showed decreased DI and RI, associated with the exclusion of shade-intolerant and intermediate species, and Tilia amurensis joined the dominant species class. In medium gaps, a decrease in DI was associated with self-thinning among intermediate shade-tolerant species. Once gap age exceeded 30 years, the DI, RI, and dominant species became stable in both large and medium gaps. Our findings indicated that natural gaps can improve the regeneration of late-successional species in secondary forests, especially at the first 30 years. However, there was a barrier in succession of the secondary forests to climax forests relying on natural gap regeneration due to the absence of key species such as Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.). These results can provide a significant reference for close-to-nature management of temperate secondary forests in practice.

ACS Style

Jiaojun Zhu; Chunyu Zhu; Deliang Lu; G. Geoff Wang; Xiao Zheng; Jiansheng Cao; Jinxin Zhang. Regeneration and succession: A 50-year gap dynamic in temperate secondary forests, Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management 2021, 484, 118943 .

AMA Style

Jiaojun Zhu, Chunyu Zhu, Deliang Lu, G. Geoff Wang, Xiao Zheng, Jiansheng Cao, Jinxin Zhang. Regeneration and succession: A 50-year gap dynamic in temperate secondary forests, Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management. 2021; 484 ():118943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiaojun Zhu; Chunyu Zhu; Deliang Lu; G. Geoff Wang; Xiao Zheng; Jiansheng Cao; Jinxin Zhang. 2021. "Regeneration and succession: A 50-year gap dynamic in temperate secondary forests, Northeast China." Forest Ecology and Management 484, no. : 118943.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2020 in Forest Science
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Understanding the natural regeneration of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) in mixed broadleaved–Korean pine (MBK) forests is crucial for MBK forest conservation and secondary deciduous broadleaved forest restoration. We hypothesized the ratio of Korean pine basal area (RKp) in MBK stands affected its natural regeneration. Regeneration censuses, including the height, root collar diameter, age, and growth stages (younger seedling, older seedling, smaller sapling, and taller sapling) of Korean pine, were conducted in northeast China. Results indicated the stem density and age composition of younger seedlings were positively correlated with RKp, whereas those of the saplings were negatively correlated with RKp. In the stands with lower RKp (<80% in Lesser Khingan Mountains [LKM]; <40% in Lushuihe Forestry Bureau [LFB]), individuals in all growth stages regenerated well with an age span of 65 yr. However, the regeneration of taller saplings was severely inhibited with increasing RKp (LKM: RKp ≥ 80%; LFB: RKp ≥ 40%). In summary, RKp significantly affected the natural regeneration of Korean pine in MBK forests. The basal-area thresholds limiting regeneration were found to be 80% in LKM stands and 40% in LFB stands. These basal-area thresholds provided evidence of why the zonal climax was MBK forests rather than pure Korean pine forests.

ACS Style

Xiaowen Ge; Jiaojun Zhu; Deliang Lu; Chunyu Zhu; Pingzhen Gao; Xiaoyan Yang. Effects of Korean Pine Basal Area in Mixed Broadleaved–Korean Pine Forest Stands on Its Natural Regeneration in Northeast China. Forest Science 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Xiaowen Ge, Jiaojun Zhu, Deliang Lu, Chunyu Zhu, Pingzhen Gao, Xiaoyan Yang. Effects of Korean Pine Basal Area in Mixed Broadleaved–Korean Pine Forest Stands on Its Natural Regeneration in Northeast China. Forest Science. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiaowen Ge; Jiaojun Zhu; Deliang Lu; Chunyu Zhu; Pingzhen Gao; Xiaoyan Yang. 2020. "Effects of Korean Pine Basal Area in Mixed Broadleaved–Korean Pine Forest Stands on Its Natural Regeneration in Northeast China." Forest Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2020 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), the most important tree species for sand fixation in semi-arid sandy lands, experiences dieback in plantations after approximately 35–40 years since planting. Water limitation was considered as an important cause for the dieback. The spatial distribution of root systems plays a key role in determining water resources used by trees. However, it is still unknown for the spatial distribution of Mongolian pine trees with different ages, which constrains our understanding of the mechanism underlying the dieback and management of Mongolian pine plantations. Horizontal and vertical distributions of coarse roots [root diameter (RD) ≥ 5 mm] of Mongolian pine trees with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 years old were estimated by ground-penetrating radar. Meanwhile, the distributions of fine roots (RD ≤ 2 mm) were simultaneously measured using soil coring method. Results showed that the horizontal distance of coarse roots from trees increased with tree ages up to 30–40 years, i.e., 3.0–4.0 m for 10- and 20-year-old trees, ca. 6.1 m for 30- and 40-year-old trees; but merely 4.85 m for 50-year-old trees. The fine root densities kept relatively even within 4.0 m from the trees for 10- and 20- year-old trees (ca. 0.02 mg cm−3), whereas, they decreased sharply with increasing of distances from the trees for 30-, 40- and 50-year-old trees (0.015–0.025 mg cm−3 at 1.0 m from trees to ca. 0.00 mg cm−3 at 5.0 or 6.0 m from trees). In the vertical direction, the rooting depth, at which 95% of roots located, was 83.5, 99.9, 123.6, 105.2 and 125.9 cm for the coarse roots of 10-, 20-, 30-, 40- and 50-year-old trees, respectively, whereas it was 140.6, 152.2, 135.5, 144.2 and 127.0 cm for fine roots, respectively. These findings indicated that the spatial distribution of roots of Mongolian pine trees shrank for the 50-year old trees, possibly due to being close to mature stage in plantation sites. Based on spatial distribution of roots, we suggested that the stand densities should be determined according to the area occupied by tree root systems in order to avoid the dieback or mortality due to water competition, i.e., 403–515, 321–402, 217–290, 139–179 trees ha−1 for 10-, 20-, 30- and 40-year-old trees, respectively (none for 50-year-old plantations as they were close to mature stage). Our findings provide new insights into stand density optimization of plantations from tree belowground competition for water in semi-arid and arid sandy regions.

ACS Style

Ting Zhang; Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Guochen Wang; Mingcai Li; Xiao Zheng; Jinxin Zhang. Spatial distribution of root systems of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica trees with different ages in a semi-arid sandy region of Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management 2020, 483, 118776 .

AMA Style

Ting Zhang, Lining Song, Jiaojun Zhu, Guochen Wang, Mingcai Li, Xiao Zheng, Jinxin Zhang. Spatial distribution of root systems of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica trees with different ages in a semi-arid sandy region of Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management. 2020; 483 ():118776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ting Zhang; Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Guochen Wang; Mingcai Li; Xiao Zheng; Jinxin Zhang. 2020. "Spatial distribution of root systems of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica trees with different ages in a semi-arid sandy region of Northeast China." Forest Ecology and Management 483, no. : 118776.

Review
Published: 27 October 2020 in Journal of Forestry Research
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A protective forest, including shelterbelt, windbreak, and shelter forest as its synonyms, is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests. Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management. Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering, such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States, the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union, and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China. The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments, scientists, and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change. We introduce forestry eco-engineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests. Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized, i.e., the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management; the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures; and, the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies. In addition, several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future, which include: (1) theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale; (2) the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales; and, (3) the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

ACS Style

Jiaojun Zhu; Lining Song. A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests. Journal of Forestry Research 2020, 32, 435 -448.

AMA Style

Jiaojun Zhu, Lining Song. A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests. Journal of Forestry Research. 2020; 32 (2):435-448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiaojun Zhu; Lining Song. 2020. "A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests." Journal of Forestry Research 32, no. 2: 435-448.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Poplar (Populus × xiaozhuanica) plantations play an important role in controlling desertification in semiarid sandy regions of Northeast China, but their dieback occurs frequently in extreme drought years due to greater water loss by transpiration than water uptake. However, little is known about dynamics of canopy transpiration in poplar plantations, which limits our understanding of dieback mechanisms and proper management of these poplar plantations. Here, canopy transpiration and canopy conductance in 18-year-old poplar plantations were quantified by sap flow measurements in combination with monitoring of concurrent environmental variables during two consecutive growing seasons in normal and wet years (2018 and 2019). Results showed that daily canopy transpiration averaged 1.2 mm d−1 (between 0.3 and 1.9 mm d−1) and 1.5 mm d−1 (between 0.2 and 2.4 mm d−1) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Solar radiation explained more variability of daily canopy transpiration than vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in both years, indicating that canopy transpiration was more controlled by radiation than by VPD. Total canopy transpiration during the growing seasons in 2018 and 2019 was 184.1 mm and 235.9 mm, respectively, accounting for 47.1 % and 44.2 % of precipitation over the same period. Sum of canopy transpiration, soil evaporation and change in soil water storage was higher than precipitation in most months, indicating that trees took up water from deep soil layer (>1.0 m) and groundwater. Additionally, canopy conductance averaged 1.4 m s−1 and 1.9 m s−1 in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and decreased significantly with increasing VPD. However, sensitivity of canopy conductance to VPD decreased from 0.62 in 2018 to 0.27 in 2019, indicating a shift from more to less strict stomatal regulation. These findings indicate that poplar plantations are vulnerable to dieback during extreme drought years with decline in groundwater level due to utilization of groundwater for higher canopy transpiration rate.

ACS Style

Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Ting Zhang; Kai Wang; Guochen Wang; Jianhua Liu. Higher canopy transpiration rates induced dieback in poplar (Populus × xiaozhuanica) plantations in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 243, 106414 .

AMA Style

Lining Song, Jiaojun Zhu, Ting Zhang, Kai Wang, Guochen Wang, Jianhua Liu. Higher canopy transpiration rates induced dieback in poplar (Populus × xiaozhuanica) plantations in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 243 ():106414.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Ting Zhang; Kai Wang; Guochen Wang; Jianhua Liu. 2020. "Higher canopy transpiration rates induced dieback in poplar (Populus × xiaozhuanica) plantations in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China." Agricultural Water Management 243, no. : 106414.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2020 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Gap formation and closure play important roles in forest succession. Most studies focused on regeneration within gaps, but less is known about the growth dynamics of canopy trees surrounding the gaps (i.e., gap border trees), which limits our understanding of the gap-filling process. In this study, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to quantify the crown asymmetry of six canopy tree species with different wood densities among young gaps (15a), old gaps (32a), and closed forest stands (CK). The size of expanded gaps ranged from 166.8 to 408.1 m2 with an average of 271.5 m2. Each gap border tree was separated into two parts, i.e., one part facing the gap (FG) and the other facing the forest interior (FF). The ratios (FG/FF) of crown length, crown projected area, and crown volume of these two parts were calculated to represent one-, two-, and three-dimensional crown asymmetry, respectively. We found that 90% gap border trees had asymmetric crown toward gaps with an average ratio of 1.58. For trees in the closed forest stands, although crown asymmetry occurred randomly in different directions and had a large variation, the average ratio was close to 1.00. However, the gap age and the location of gap border tree (i.e., north, east, south, and west of the gap) did not show significant influences on the crown asymmetry because differences of crown asymmetry probably disappeared after the long period of gap formation. The crown asymmetry exhibited inter-specific variations and was positively correlated with wood density, which indicated that tree species with a higher wood density such as Acer mono (0.61 g cm−3) could support a more asymmetric crown and have a higher asymmetric crown threshold than others such as Juglans mandshurica (0.45 g cm−3). Crown asymmetry had similar results among different dimensions. Our findings indicated that the general crown asymmetry of gap border trees might increase snapping and uprooting risks during wind and snow disturbances. Although gap-based silviculture is widely applied in forest management, additional practices such as thinning or selective harvesting should be considered to create more space and alleviate an asymmetric crown induced by gap formation.

ACS Style

Deliang Lu; Jiaojun Zhu; Danni Wu; Qingda Chen; Yue Yu; Jing Wang; Chunyu Zhu; Huaqi Liu; Tian Gao; G. Geoff Wang. Detecting dynamics and variations of crown asymmetry induced by natural gaps in a temperate secondary forest using terrestrial laser scanning. Forest Ecology and Management 2020, 473, 118289 .

AMA Style

Deliang Lu, Jiaojun Zhu, Danni Wu, Qingda Chen, Yue Yu, Jing Wang, Chunyu Zhu, Huaqi Liu, Tian Gao, G. Geoff Wang. Detecting dynamics and variations of crown asymmetry induced by natural gaps in a temperate secondary forest using terrestrial laser scanning. Forest Ecology and Management. 2020; 473 ():118289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deliang Lu; Jiaojun Zhu; Danni Wu; Qingda Chen; Yue Yu; Jing Wang; Chunyu Zhu; Huaqi Liu; Tian Gao; G. Geoff Wang. 2020. "Detecting dynamics and variations of crown asymmetry induced by natural gaps in a temperate secondary forest using terrestrial laser scanning." Forest Ecology and Management 473, no. : 118289.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2020 in Sustainability
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The effects of forest restoration on ecosystem services and their trade-offs are increasingly discussed by environmental managers and ecologists, but few demonstrations have analyzed ecosystem service trade-offs with a view to informing afforestation choices. Here, we examined how the Grain for Green Program (GGP), an ambitious reforestation program in China, affected ecosystem services. We quantified regulating services and provisioning service in the potential scenarios, which were developed to improve ecosystem services better. The results indicated the GGP drove 14.5% of land-use/land-cover from 2000 to 2015, and all the regulating services increased. Prioritizing reforestations in steep-sloped and riparian farmlands can promote flood mitigation, water purification, and soil retention services by 62.7%, 25.5%, and 216.1% as compared with 2015 levels, respectively, suggesting that the improvements strongly depend on afforestation locations. Driven by the new GGP policy, a high proportion of economic forest increased provisioning service (272.2%), but at the expense of decreases in soil retention (−25.1%), flood mitigation (−11.4%), water purification (−36.6%), and carbon storage (−48.5%). We identified a suitable scenario that would reduce the trade-offs, which associated with afforestation types and their spatial allocation. Identifying priority areas of afforestation types can inform the GGP policy to assure sustainable and broader benefits.

ACS Style

Xiufen Li; Yichen Tian; Tian Gao; Lei Jin; Shuangtian Li; Dan Zhao; Xiao Zheng; Lizhong Yu; Jiaojun Zhu. Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4762 .

AMA Style

Xiufen Li, Yichen Tian, Tian Gao, Lei Jin, Shuangtian Li, Dan Zhao, Xiao Zheng, Lizhong Yu, Jiaojun Zhu. Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4762.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiufen Li; Yichen Tian; Tian Gao; Lei Jin; Shuangtian Li; Dan Zhao; Xiao Zheng; Lizhong Yu; Jiaojun Zhu. 2020. "Trade-Offs Analysis of Ecosystem Services for the Grain for Green Program: Informing Reforestation Decisions in a Mountainous Headwater Region, Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4762.

Research article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Ecohydrology
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Rainfall interception (RI) by forest canopies is an important process in hydrological cycling in forest ecosystems. However, accurately predicting RI is a challenging topic. In this study, a dimensionless descriptor, canopy interception index (CII), for predicting RI was defined. The terrestrial laser scanning was used to estimate CII in four temperate forest types, including Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation forest (KPF) stands, larch (Larix spp.) plantation forest (LPF) stands, mixed broadleaved forest (MBF) stands and Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) forest (MOF) stands. Using the measured RI values over the rainy seasons in 2017 and 2018, CII's performance for predicting RI was tested, and also compared with several other indices (LAI: leaf area index, PAI: plant area index and ACH: average canopy height). The results indicated that CII was significantly and strongly related with RI for the four forest types together (R2 = 0.79), as well as for an individual forest type (R2 = 0.55~0.63). More importantly, its performance was better than those from LAI (R2 = 0.33~0.43), PAI (R2 = 0.40~0.53) and ACH (R2 = 0.35). All those results demonstrated that CII was an efficient index for accurately predicting RI. The potential applications of CII were also discussed.

ACS Style

Yue Yu; Tian Gao; Jiaojun Zhu; Xiaohua Wei; Qinghua Guo; Yanjun Su; Yumei Li; Songqiu Deng; Mingcai Li. Terrestrial laser scanning‐derived canopy interception index for predicting rainfall interception. Ecohydrology 2020, 13, 1 .

AMA Style

Yue Yu, Tian Gao, Jiaojun Zhu, Xiaohua Wei, Qinghua Guo, Yanjun Su, Yumei Li, Songqiu Deng, Mingcai Li. Terrestrial laser scanning‐derived canopy interception index for predicting rainfall interception. Ecohydrology. 2020; 13 (5):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yue Yu; Tian Gao; Jiaojun Zhu; Xiaohua Wei; Qinghua Guo; Yanjun Su; Yumei Li; Songqiu Deng; Mingcai Li. 2020. "Terrestrial laser scanning‐derived canopy interception index for predicting rainfall interception." Ecohydrology 13, no. 5: 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2020 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Silviculture of appropriate tree species can improve soil properties, subsequently ameliorating the productivity and ecological functions. However, it is not clear about the differences in the effects of tree species on soil properties in secondary forest ecosystems. In this study, four stands of 60–70 years secondary forests were chosen. Eight replicate individuals of five common native tree species: Acer mono, Quercus mongolica, Juglans mandschurica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Fraxinus mandschurica were selected in each stand to test the effects of tree species on soil properties in a typical temperate secondary forest ecosystem in Northeast China. Forest floor, soil at three depths (0–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm) were compared among five tree species. Our findings showed significant differences in soil mineral nitrogen (N) (i.e. NH4+-N and NO3–-N) and available phosphorus (P), microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN) and enzyme activities depending on the tree species. At 0–10 cm soil depth, F. mandschurica soils exhibited 18–28% higher mineral N than those A. mono, F. rhynchophylla, and Q. mongolica, 24–38% higher available P than Q. mongolica and F. rhynchophylla. Similarly, F. mandschurica soils showed 64–66% higher MBC and MBN than Q. mongolica, and 41–133% higher β-glucosidase enzyme activity than J. mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla, and Q. mongolica. At 10–20 cm soil depth, F. mandschurica exhibited higher soil mineral N and available P concentrations, MBC, enzyme activities of phenol oxidase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase than the other tree species. At 20–40 cm soil depth, there were no difference in soil mineral N and available P, MBC, MBN, and enzyme activities among five tree species. No differences were observed between the tree species in the C, N, and C/N ratio of forest floor; however, the C/N ratio of fine roots was lower for F. mandschurica than for Q. mongolica. Significant correlations were established between C/N ratio of fine roots and soil mineral N and available P, MBC and MBN, and phenol oxidase. This suggests that the high quality of F. mandschurica fine roots improved soil chemical and microbial properties. Nevertheless, these native tree species exhibited improving soil chemical and microbial properties, compared to larch plantation soils in secondary forest ecosystems. Therefore, we suggest that introduction of F. mandschurica followed by that of A. mono and J. mandshurica, and then Q. mongolica and F. rhynchophylla into larch plantations should be considered for restoring the degraded soils in plantations.

ACS Style

Mengmeng Diao; Kai Yang; Jiaojun Zhu; Mingcai Li; Shuang Xu. Native broad-leaved tree species play key roles on maintaining soil chemical and microbial properties in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management 2020, 462, 117971 .

AMA Style

Mengmeng Diao, Kai Yang, Jiaojun Zhu, Mingcai Li, Shuang Xu. Native broad-leaved tree species play key roles on maintaining soil chemical and microbial properties in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China. Forest Ecology and Management. 2020; 462 ():117971.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengmeng Diao; Kai Yang; Jiaojun Zhu; Mingcai Li; Shuang Xu. 2020. "Native broad-leaved tree species play key roles on maintaining soil chemical and microbial properties in a temperate secondary forest, Northeast China." Forest Ecology and Management 462, no. : 117971.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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ACS Style

Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Xiao Zheng; Kai Wang; Linyou Lü; Xiaolin Zhang; Guangyou Hao. Transpiration and canopy conductance dynamics of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in its natural range and in an introduced region in the sandy plains of Northern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2020, 281, 1 .

AMA Style

Lining Song, Jiaojun Zhu, Xiao Zheng, Kai Wang, Linyou Lü, Xiaolin Zhang, Guangyou Hao. Transpiration and canopy conductance dynamics of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in its natural range and in an introduced region in the sandy plains of Northern China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2020; 281 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Xiao Zheng; Kai Wang; Linyou Lü; Xiaolin Zhang; Guangyou Hao. 2020. "Transpiration and canopy conductance dynamics of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in its natural range and in an introduced region in the sandy plains of Northern China." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 281, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Forests
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The shift from natural mixed broadleaved forests to pure coniferous plantations results in soil degradation and the unsustainable development of plantations due to the simple stand structure and low species diversity. Thinning can practically sustain the forest structure and promote the regeneration and growth of broadleaved trees in these pure coniferous plantations. The growth of regenerated broadleaved trees is closely related to leaf ecological stoichiometry, which is strongly restricted by environmental factors such as light, soil moisture, and nutrients after thinning. However, the temporal effects of thinning on leaf C:N:P stoichiometry are still not well understood, which constrains our understanding of implementing thinning in coniferous plantations to promote the regeneration and growth of broadleaved species, and further forming the mixed larch-broadleaf forests. Here, we compared canopy openness (i.e., light availability) and the soil and leaf stoichiometry for regenerated broadleaved trees in larch (Larix keampferi) plantations in short-term (1–3 years), medium-term (4–9 years), and long-term (≥10 years) periods after thinning, taking natural mixed broadleaved forests as a control in Northeast China. The results showed that the temporal effects of thinning were not significant with respect to soil C concentrations, but significant with respect to soil C:P and N:P ratios. The regenerated broadleaved trees adjusted their leaf N concentrations and C:N ratios in response to the changed environmental conditions after thinning over time. The responses of soil and leaf stoichiometry to thinning and their significant correlation indicated a strong interaction between the soil and understory regeneration following thinning. Thus, thinning affects the soil and leaf stoichiometry of regenerated trees over time. These findings provide new insights into the conversion of pure coniferous plantations into mixed larch-broadleaf forests by controlling thinning intervals.

ACS Style

Jin Xie; Qiaoling Yan; Junfeng Yuan; Rong Li; Xiaotao Lü; Shengli Liu; Jiaojun Zhu. Temporal Effects of Thinning on the Leaf C:N:P Stoichiometry of Regenerated Broadleaved Trees in Larch Plantations. Forests 2020, 11, 54 .

AMA Style

Jin Xie, Qiaoling Yan, Junfeng Yuan, Rong Li, Xiaotao Lü, Shengli Liu, Jiaojun Zhu. Temporal Effects of Thinning on the Leaf C:N:P Stoichiometry of Regenerated Broadleaved Trees in Larch Plantations. Forests. 2020; 11 (1):54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jin Xie; Qiaoling Yan; Junfeng Yuan; Rong Li; Xiaotao Lü; Shengli Liu; Jiaojun Zhu. 2020. "Temporal Effects of Thinning on the Leaf C:N:P Stoichiometry of Regenerated Broadleaved Trees in Larch Plantations." Forests 11, no. 1: 54.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2019 in BMC Plant Biology
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Background Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

ACS Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. BMC Plant Biology 2019, 19, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Yuan Song, Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. BMC Plant Biology. 2019; 19 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. 2019. "The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds." BMC Plant Biology 19, no. 1: 1-15.

Preprint content
Published: 04 December 2019
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Background: Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results: Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions: The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

ACS Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Yuan Song, Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. 2019. "The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 22 November 2019
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Background: Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results: Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions: The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

ACS Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Yuan Song, Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. 2019. "The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 23 October 2019
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Background: Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood. Results: Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (seeds released from primary dormancy) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. The contents of ninety metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, reflecting that biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. The contents of ninety-two metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 71% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate contents showed the most decrease with decreasing 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold, indicating that the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle strongly slowed down. The contents of the most metabolites in PDS embryos also displayed a relatively larger alteration only from days 0 to 5. Although 64% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased. Conclusions: The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.

ACS Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Yuan Song, Jiaojun Zhu. The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu. 2019. "The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2019 in Environmental and Experimental Botany
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In the semiarid sandy region of Northeast China, non-native woody species such as Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica L. and Populus x xiaozhuanica W.Y. Hsu & Liang frequently suffer dieback during years of extreme drought events due to water deficiency. In contrast, dieback does not usually occur in native woody species, e.g., Pinus tabuliformis Carr., Ulmus pumila L., and shrub Caragana microphylla Lam. However, the mechanism of water-use patterns between the non-native and native woody species remain unclear, which limits our understanding of the mechanisms underlying dieback of non-native woody species. During two consecutive growing seasons in 2014 and 2015, sources of water uptake by two non-native (P. mongolica and P. xiaozhuanica) and three native (P. tabuliformis, U. pumila and C. microphylla) woody species were determined using the stable isotopes of δ2H and δ18O in the twig xylem water, soil water at various depths (0–200 cm), groundwater (water from capillary fringe or beneath the water table) and precipitation, coupled with soil moisture and groundwater level measurements. Results showed that both P. mongolica and P. tabuliformis trees used the 0–100 cm soil water in the spring and the 0–40 cm and 0–100 cm soil water in summer of 2014 and autumn of 2015, respectively, when soil moisture was high. In contrast, in summer of 2015 and autumn of 2014, when soil moisture was low, P. mongolica trees used both the 0–100 cm soil water and groundwater, whereas P. tabuliformis trees used the 0–200 cm soil water and both the 40–200 cm soil water and relatively limited groundwater, respectively. The P. xiaozhuanica trees used the 40–200 cm or the 100–200 cm soil water and groundwater, whereas U. pumila trees mainly used the 0–100 cm or 0–200 cm soil water, except in autumn when soil moisture was high. P. xiaozhuanica trees used the 0–200 cm soil water, while U. pumila trees used the 0–40 cm soil water. The shrub C. microphylla mainly used the 0–200 cm soil water during the measurement period irrespective of soil moisture conditions. Compared with the native woody species, which mainly used soil water, the non-native tree species relied on groundwater besides soil water, especially under low soil moisture conditions. Therefore, a sharp decline in groundwater level during extreme drought years might have a strong negative impact on the growth and survival of non-native woody species.

ACS Style

Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Mingcai Li; Jinxin Zhang; Kai Wang; Linyou Lü. Comparison of water-use patterns for non-native and native woody species in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China based on stable isotopes. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2019, 174, 103923 .

AMA Style

Lining Song, Jiaojun Zhu, Mingcai Li, Jinxin Zhang, Kai Wang, Linyou Lü. Comparison of water-use patterns for non-native and native woody species in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China based on stable isotopes. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2019; 174 ():103923.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lining Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Mingcai Li; Jinxin Zhang; Kai Wang; Linyou Lü. 2019. "Comparison of water-use patterns for non-native and native woody species in a semiarid sandy region of Northeast China based on stable isotopes." Environmental and Experimental Botany 174, no. : 103923.

Article
Published: 27 September 2019 in New Forests
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Primary physiological dormancy and secondary physiological dormancy of Korean pine seeds restrict the regeneration of broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest. Dry and imbibed seeds were stratified at 1 °C and 5 °C for 1, 2, 4 and 6 months. Germination percentage, mean germination time (MGT) and germination rate index (GRI) were measured to determine the optimal low temperature and its duration for the release of primary physiological dormancy. Once primary physiological dormancy was released through cold stratification, seeds were stored in an environment in which the temperature progressively increased from 5 to 25 °C. After one month of storage at each storage temperature, the germination percentage, MGT and GRI were measured to determine the threshold temperature for the induction of secondary physiological dormancy. Both dry and imbibed seeds not only exhibited a high germination percentage (approximately 80%) but also germinated rapidly (MGT and GRI were 17 days and 2.36, respectively) after 6 months of storage at either 1 °C or 5 °C. The germination percentage of cold stratified seeds gradually decreased from 78% (5 °C) to 72% (10 °C), 55% (15 °C), 10% (20 °C) and 8% (25 °C). The results of this study suggest that stratifying seeds at 1 °C or 5 °C for 6 months releases primary physiological dormancy. The induction of secondary physiological dormancy occurs at temperatures above 15 °C.

ACS Style

Y. Song; J. J. Zhu; Q. L. Yan. The temperature and length for the release of primary and induction of secondary physiological dormancy in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) seeds. New Forests 2019, 51, 657 -669.

AMA Style

Y. Song, J. J. Zhu, Q. L. Yan. The temperature and length for the release of primary and induction of secondary physiological dormancy in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) seeds. New Forests. 2019; 51 (4):657-669.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y. Song; J. J. Zhu; Q. L. Yan. 2019. "The temperature and length for the release of primary and induction of secondary physiological dormancy in Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) seeds." New Forests 51, no. 4: 657-669.

Original paper
Published: 17 September 2019 in Journal of Forestry Research
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Primary dormancy of seeds of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) after dispersal in the autumn and the induction of secondary dormancy the first summer following seed dispersal limit the regeneration of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China. This study was to determine how changes in the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) maintain primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds under germination conditions. We transferred seeds with one of five primary dormancy states or three secondary dormancy states to germination conditions and measured changes in the levels of ABA, GA1+3 (GA1 and GA3) and GA4+7 (GA4 and GA7) in the seed coat, megagametophyte and embryo during incubation. Seed coat ABA levels in primary dormant seeds (PDS) and ABA levels in various parts of secondary dormant seeds (SDS) gradually declined during incubation but were still higher than in seeds for which dormancy was progressively released. GA4+7 and GA1+3 levels in embryos greatly decreased 35% and 24%, respectively, during incubation of SDS, and thus, the ratio of ABA to GA4+7 in embryos and megagametophytes significantly increased. The ratio of ABA to GA1+3 in various parts of SDS increased slightly during incubation. In contrast, in seeds for which secondary dormancy was already released, GA4+7 and GA1+3 levels in the embryo, GA4+7/ABA ratio in the embryo and seed coat, and the GA1+3/ABA in the embryo and megagametophyte significantly increased during incubation. There was no trend in the changes in the levels of ABA, GA4+7 or GA1+3 in embryos and megagametophytes of PDS or the levels of GA4+7 or GA1+3 in megagametophytes of SDS during incubation. The results suggest that high ABA levels in the seed coat maintain primary dormancy of Korean pine seeds. Maintenance of secondary dormancy involves a reduction of GA4+7, GA1+3, GA4+7/ABA, and GA1+3/ABA and the retention of high ABA levels.

ACS Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Qiaoling Yan. Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds. Journal of Forestry Research 2019, 31, 2423 -2434.

AMA Style

Yuan Song, Jiaojun Zhu, Qiaoling Yan. Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds. Journal of Forestry Research. 2019; 31 (6):2423-2434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan Song; Jiaojun Zhu; Qiaoling Yan. 2019. "Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds." Journal of Forestry Research 31, no. 6: 2423-2434.

Original paper
Published: 16 August 2019 in European Journal of Forest Research
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Forest gaps are important small-scale disturbances that initiate forest succession. However, natural regeneration patterns within gaps remain unclear, especially in temperate secondary forests. In this study, three-dimensional graphic systems were established to show the whole regeneration patterns of woody species with different shade tolerance in natural gaps. Furthermore, all gaps were classified into three size classes, and each gap was divided into two parts, canopy gaps (CGs) and gap peripheries (GPs). A total of 34 woody species were found in the 41 surveyed gaps, but almost no tree species had a high importance value index (≥ 0.100). Total plant density decreased from the small gaps to the large gaps, showing a density trend similar to that of shade-tolerant species. Total species richness peaked in the medium gaps, which indicated that medium gaps could provide moderate environments for most woody species. Both the species richness and plant density of shade-tolerant species were lower in CGs than in GPs, regardless of gap sizes. In contrast, both the species richness and plant density of shade-intolerant species were higher in CGs than in GPs. Interestingly, intermediate shade-tolerant species exhibited a “doughnut” regeneration pattern in the large gaps, which indicated that they could neither compete with shade-intolerant species in CGs nor invade GPs occupied by shade-tolerant species. Our findings suggest that gap formation could benefit woody species regeneration, but subsequent treatments based on gap silviculture are needed to eliminate low-value species and manage target tree species, which would help accelerate the restoration of secondary forests.

ACS Style

Deliang Lu; Guangqi Zhang; Jiaojun Zhu; G. Geoff Wang; Chunyu Zhu; Qiaoling Yan; Jinxin Zhang. Early natural regeneration patterns of woody species within gaps in a temperate secondary forest. European Journal of Forest Research 2019, 138, 991 -1003.

AMA Style

Deliang Lu, Guangqi Zhang, Jiaojun Zhu, G. Geoff Wang, Chunyu Zhu, Qiaoling Yan, Jinxin Zhang. Early natural regeneration patterns of woody species within gaps in a temperate secondary forest. European Journal of Forest Research. 2019; 138 (6):991-1003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Deliang Lu; Guangqi Zhang; Jiaojun Zhu; G. Geoff Wang; Chunyu Zhu; Qiaoling Yan; Jinxin Zhang. 2019. "Early natural regeneration patterns of woody species within gaps in a temperate secondary forest." European Journal of Forest Research 138, no. 6: 991-1003.