Study Design: Pre‐clinical animal experiment.Objective: In this study, we investigated therapeutic effects of silibinin in a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. In SCI, loss of cells due to secondary damage mechanisms exceeds that caused by primary damage. Ferroptosis, which is iron‐dependent non‐apoptotic cell death, is shown to be influential in the pathogenesis of SCI.Methods: The study was conducted as an in vivo experiment using a total of 78 adult male/female Sprague Dawley rats. Groups were as follows: Sham, SCI, deferoxamine (DFO) treatment, and silibinin treatment. There were subgroups with follow‐up periods of 24 h, 72 h, and 6 weeks in all groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and Fe²⁺ levels were measured by spectrophotometry. Glutathione peroxidase‐4 (GPX4), ferroportin (FPN), transferrin receptor (TfR1), and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE)‐modified protein levels were assessed by Western blotting. Functional recovery was assessed using Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan test.Results: Silibinin achieved significant suppression in MDA and 4‐HNE levels compared to the SCI both in 72‐h and 6 weeks group (p < 0.05). GSH, GPX4, and FNP levels were found to be significantly higher in the silibinin 24 h, 72 h, and 6 weeks group compared to corresponding SCI groups (p < 0.05). Significant reduction in iron levels was observed in silibinin treated rats in 72 h and 6 weeks group (p < 0.05). Silibinin substantially suppressed TfR1 levels in 24 h and 72 h groups (p < 0.05). Significant difference among recovery capacities was observed as follows: Silibinin > DFO > SCI (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Impact of silibinin on iron metabolism and lipid peroxidation, both of which are features of ferroptosis, may contribute to therapeutic activity. Within this context, our findings posit silibinin as a potential therapeutic candidate possessing antiferroptotic properties in SCI model. Therapeutic agents capable of effectively and safely mitigating ferroptotic cell death hold the potential to be critical points of future clinical investigations.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor stimulation may lead to excitotoxicity, which triggers neuronal death in brain disorders. In addition to current clinical therapeutic approaches, treatment strategies by phytochemicals or their derivatives are under investigation for neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, novel amino and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of tomentosin were prepared and tested for their protective and anti-apoptotic effects in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Amino-tomentosin derivatives were generated through a diastereoselective conjugate addition of several secondary amines to the α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone function, while the 1,2,3-triazolo-tomentosin was prepared by a regioselective Michael-type addition carried out in the presence of trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN₃) and the α-methylene-γ-lactone function. The intermediate key thus obtained underwent 1,3-dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition using a wide range of terminal alkynes. The possible effects of the derivatives on cell viability and free-radical production following NMDA treatment were measured by Water-Soluble Tetrazolium Salts (WST-1) and Dichlorofluorescein Diacetate (DCF-DA) assays, respectively. The alterations in apoptosis-related proteins were examined by Western blot technique. Our study provides evidence that synthesized triazolo- and amino-tomentosin derivatives show neuroprotective effects by increasing cellular viability, decreasing ROS production, and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. The findings highlight particularly 2e, 2g, and 6d as potential regulators and neuroprotective agents in NMDA overactivation.

Purpose: To evaluate the biological and physical properties of calcium hydroxide-containing pulp-capping materials and their modifications with different solutions and antioxidant Resveratrol (RES) addition.Methods: Calcium hydroxide+distilled-water:C, calcium hydroxide+saline:S, calcium hydroxide+synthetic tissue fluid:STF, Dycal:D, calcium hydroxide+distilled-water+RES:C+RES, calcium hydroxide+saline+RES:S+RES, calcium hydroxide+synthetic tissue fluid+RES:STF+RES, Dycal+RES:D+RES were tested. Cytotoxicity was determined by WST-1. Antibacterial-activity was evaluated by agar-diffusion. The water-absorption and solubility were examined for ISO-6876 and ISO-3107. The color-change was evaluated by spectrophotometer. Radiopacity was evaluated for ISO-6876 and ISO-9917. The normal distribution and homogeneity were determined and comparisons were made with appropriate analysis and post hoc tests (P < 0.05).Results: The highest cell-viability was determined in the C+RES and the lowest was in D and D+RES after 24 h (P < 0.0001). RES-addition increased cell-viability and the highest rate was detected in C+RES, S+RES and STF+RES after 48 h (P < 0.0001). A limited inhibition-zone against Streptococcus mutans was detected in D and D+RES. RES-addition did not change the water-absorption in S and STF or the solubility in S group.Conclusion: RES-addition may be used to increase the biocompatibility of calcium hydroxide without any adverse effect on physical properties. Saline may be the first choice as a mixing solution.

In this study, a group of 4-substituted benzoyltaurinamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and investigated for their anticancer activity against three cancer cell lines and one nontumorigenic cell line by MTT assay. Among the final compounds, methoxyphenyl derivatives 14, 15, 16 were found to be effective against all the tested cancerous cell lines with promising selectivity. The most active compounds were further evaluated to determine the molecular mechanism of their anticancer activity by using western blot assay and the Annexin V-FITC/PI test. Compound 14 (in SH-SY5Y and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and 15 (in SH-SY5Y cell line) were found to induce intrinsic apoptotic pathway by upregulating BAX, caspase-3, and caspase-9, while downregulating Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression levels. According to mechanistic studies, compounds displayed their anticancer activity via three different mechanisms: a. caspase-dependent, b. caspase-independent, and c. caspase-dependent pathway that excluded caspase-9 activation. As a result, this study provides interesting data which can be used to design new taurine-based anticancer derivatives.

NLRP1 is predominantly overexpressed in breast cancer tissue, and the evaluated activation of NLRP1 inflammasome is associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting NLRP1 activation could be a crucial strategy in anticancer therapy. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that NLRP1 pathway may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of celecoxib and nimesulide in MDA-MB-231 cells. First of all, IC₅₀ values and inhibitory effects on the colony-forming ability of drugs were evaluated in cells. Then, the alterations in the expression levels of NLRP1 inflammasome components induced by drugs were investigated. Subsequently, the release of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the activity of caspase-1 in drug-treated cells were measured. According to our results, celecoxib and nimesulide selectively inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells. These drugs remarkably inhibited the colony-forming ability of cells. The expression levels of NLRP1 inflammasome components decreased in celecoxib-treated cells, accompanied by decreased caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release. In contrast, nimesulide treatment led to the upregulation of the related protein expressions with unchanged caspase-1 activity and increased IL-1β secretion. Our results indicated that the NLRP1 inflammasome pathway might contribute to the antiproliferative effects of celecoxib in MDA-MB-231 cells but is not a crucial mechanism for nimesulide.

Lamiaceae familyası birçok cins ve türü içinde barındıran geniş bir familyadır. Bu çalışmada, familyadaki türlerden olan Stachys lavandulifolia, Salvia verticillata, Phlomis herba venti sp. pungens ve Phlomis sieheona bitkilerinin GC/MS yöntemi kullanılarak yağ asidi içerikleri tayin edilmiştir. Buna göre tekli doymamış yağ asidi oranının %18-%34 ve çoklu doymamış yağ asidi oranının ise %24-%49 arasında değiştiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca her bir bitki için bulunmuş olan majör doymuş yağ asitleri trikozanoik asit ve lignoserik asit olarak bulunmuşken, majör doymamış yağ asitleri ise nervonik asit, eikodadienoik asit ve dokozadienoik asit olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yağlar, yüksek enerji bir enerji kaynağı olmasının yanı sıra, sağlık üzerinde olumlu birçok etkiye sahiptir. Yüksek miktarda doymamış yağ asidi içeriği ile birlikte bitkilerin sağlık açısından daha güvenilir olduğu kanıtlanmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, bu bitkilerle yapılacak her bir çalışmaya ışık tutacaktır. The Lamiaceae family is a large family that includes many genera and species. In this study fatty acid compositions of the plants Stachys lavandulifolia, Salvia verticillata, Phlomis herba venti sp. pungens and Phlomis sieheona were determined by using GC/MS method. Accordingly, it was determined that the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids varied between 18-34% and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids between 24-49%. Besides, the major saturated fatty acids found for each plant were tricosanoic acid and lignoceric acid, while the major unsaturated fatty acids were determined as nervonic acid, eicodadienoic acid and docosadienoic acid. In addition to being a high-energy source of energy, fats have many positive effects on health. Together with the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, plants are proven to be more reliable in terms of health. The results obtained will shed light on each study to be made with these plants.