With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) are becoming essential for many applications. One of the most emblematic IoT/M2M applications is smart buildings. The current building automation systems (BASs) are limited by many factors, including the lack of integration of IoT and M2M technologies, unfriendly user interfacing, high costs, using no more than one or two wireless communication networks, limited wireless transmission range, and the lack of a convergent solution. Therefore, this article proposes a better approach of using heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and mobile cellular networks (MCNs) for IoT/M2M smart building systems. The proposed system is an inexpensive embedded system that comprises Arduino and NodeMCU boards with several compatible sensors, actuators, and modules for controlling and collecting data over heterogeneous communication technologies [radio frequency identification (RFID), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, global system for mobile (GSM), and long term evolution (LTE)]. All collected data are uploaded to the ThingSpeak platform, allowing the building system to be monitored via the ThingSpeak webpage or the Raniso app. One of the most significant outcomes of this research is to provide accurate readings to the server and very low latency, through which users can easily control and monitor remotely the proposed system that consists of several innovative services, namely, smart parking, garden irrigation automation, intrusion alarm, smart door, fire and gas detection, smart lighting, smart medication reminder, and indoor air quality monitoring. All these services are designed and implemented to control and monitor from afar the building via our free mobile application named “Raniso” that is a local server that allows remote control of the building via RFID/Bluetooth/Wi-Fi connectivity and cellular networks. This IoT/M2M smart building system is customizable to meet the needs of users, improving safety and quality of life while reducing energy consumption. In addition, it helps prevent the loss of resources and human lives by detecting and managing risks.

In this paper, we present a design of a beamforming pattern antenna based on the Butler matrix. The study has two component related to the design of the Butler matrix operating in the UWB spectrum (from 3.1 up to 10.6 GHz). The Butler matrix with monolayer it often have a very narrow band, as well a very large size. To overcome these problems, we present in this work the designing of an ultra-wideband matrix with multi-layer features for two different topologies. The first type of conductors of this matrix was designed with a lozenge shape, and the second type designed with an elliptical topology which allows minimizing the losses and ensures a good performance compared to the first type of conductors.

The main objective of the present study is to achieve the reconfigurability of a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA). The CDRA is excited with two different modes; the HEM_11δ mode is excited via an aperture etched on the ground under the center of the CDRA, where the TM_01δ mode is excited from an etched slot under the side of the CDRA, the reconfigurability is realized using two PIN diodes. Two different cases of PIN diode (D1-ON/D2-OFF and vice versa) are investigated and analyzed. The proposed cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) can provides two bands around 3.77 GHz and 5.5 GHz with a reflection coefficient below than -10dB which is appropriate for WiMAX and WLAN applications, respectively. The antenna gain is stable in the two bands 3.77GHz/5.5GHz with 3.8 dBi and 4.43dBi, respectively. The simulation is performed using two simulators; the CST Microwave Studio and the HFSS Ansoft package.

A wideband rectangular patch antenna is presented and experimentally investigated in this paper to covering X- and Ku-Bands. The results are given in terms of the reflection coefficient, and the radiation pattern, and the realized gain. The simulated and experimental results are in agreement. The measured result shows that the wideband antenna works around two resonant frequencies of 11.073 GHz and 14.927 GHz and can cover a spectrum of 6.727 GHz between 9.011 GHz and 15.738 GHz (for return loss under -10 dB). The radiating patch of the antenna occupies an area of 9 × 6.5 mm ² and printed on FR-4 epoxy substrate. The overall size of the proposed antenna with a half printed ground plane is 15.5 × 10 × 1.6 mm ³ .