Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are a plant-based treatment technology shown to remove excess nutrients and metals from surface waters under a variety of conditions. Plants established in FTWs can accumulate and store nutrients within their tissues, but the amount of uptake and storage is dependent on plant species and nutrient influent concentration. This research was designed to quantify the influence of nutrient load and two plant species on nutrient uptake and partitioning patterns within plant tissues (shoots and roots) so that management recommendations for FTWs can be developed to better protect surface water quality. Treatments consisted of (1) two nutrient loads: a high concentration of 15 mg⋅L-1 nitrogen (N) and a low concentration of 5 mg⋅L-1 N supplied as water soluble fertilizer, and (2) four mesocosm treatments: (a) open water, (b) artificial mat only, no plants, (c) artificial mats planted with Pontederia cordata L., and (d) artificial mats planted with Juncus effusus L.. Plant growth, N, and phosphorus (P) uptake of both P. cordata and J. effusus were greater in the high nutrient treatment than in the low. Pontederia cordata facilitated the highest rates of N (0.31 mg.L.day-1) and P (0.34 mg.L.day-1) removal. The nutrient removal rates facilitated by Juncus effusus in the high nutrient treatment were much lower for both N (0.03 mg.L.day-1) and P (0.02 mg.L.day-1). Peak N and P accumulation in J. effusus occurred in September within both root (50 g N and 4.8 g P) and shoot tissues (98 g N and 12.5 g P). The uptake of N and P in P. cordata was highest in root tissues in August (307 g N and 30.5 g P) and in shoot tissues in September (1490 g N and 219.5 g P). In both species, shoots accumulated more N and P than the roots, resulting in a small root:shoot ratio at all stages of the experiment. Harvest of plants from FTWs should occur before plants senesce in the fall, which using P. cordata and J. effusus as model species, occurred from mid- to late-September in USDA Hardiness Zone 8a in the Southeastern United States.

Hands-on learning is a highly effective teaching method for topics in STEM disciplines. Unfortunately, environmental science teachers sometimes lack the tools to engage their students in hands-on experimentation in real-world research outside of the classroom. Partnerships between science professionals and teachers can help address this disparity, and operating within an established community science program is an excellent way for teachers and professionals to provide K–12 students opportunities for involvement in real-world research. We developed a four-stage program that maximizes the benefits of bringing together members of the professional and academic sectors; the stages include Learn, Collect, Report, and Communicate (LCRC). The goal of this program is to bring science professionals into a K–12 classroom to emphasize the importance of conducting research using the scientific method, to promote responsible community science, improve students' data literacy and critical thinking skills, and highlight the relevance of science communication. We demonstrate this program with a case study using water quality research in high school AP classes. Evaluations of the case study indicate this framework, and the engagement with science professionals alters students' perceptions of science and scientists while giving them the skills, knowledge, and confidence to pursue scientific endeavors.

Role-playing scenarios in science education offer students an active way to engage in learning as well as to discover how their decisions as citizens, voters, or policymakers can affect environmental and public health. In this activity, students take on the role of environmental consultants, helping city planners decide the best location for a new recreation area located on the fictional community's major waterway. The objective of the game is to engage the students in critical thinking to determine the most relevant water tests needed to accept or reject the four proposed locations, given their knowledge of possible pollutants from different land-use activities. Students work in teams to integrate methods used in determining water quality, such as chemical testing, macroinvertebrate surveys, and bacterial monitoring, into a defendable decision for their recommendation. This activity was designed for and tested by high school students enrolled in AP Environmental Sciences and could be modified for undergraduate ecology or biology courses.

Effects of two post-transplant environments were tested on trees grown in five nursery container sizes to determine differences in initial post-transplant growth.Vitex agnus-castusL.,Acer rubrumL. var.drummondii(Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Sarg., andTaxodium distichum(L.) Rich. grown in 3.5 L (#1), 11.7 L (#3), 23.3 L (#7), 97.8 L (#25), and 175.0 L (#45) containers were transplanted in early summer into field plots in College Station, Texas, and Starkville, Mississippi, U.S. Height, trunk diameter, and canopy width measurements were recorded after nursery production and the end of the first growing season to determine initial growth during landscape establishment. Growth ofA. rubrumandT. distichumwere significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected by interactions among container sizes and environments, whileV. agnus-castusdid not demonstrate a difference between environments but were affected by container sizes. Across all species and locations, trees transplanted from smaller container sizes exhibited a greater percent change in growth than the larger container-size trees. Greater percent change in growth measures in the smaller container-size trees during the first growing season may indicate a more rapid establishment time compared to trees from larger containers. Where differential responses to environments occurred, predominantly the beneficial effects of smaller container sizes on post-transplant establishment were accentuated with more stressful establishment conditions.

The retail gardening industry in the United States is expected to reach $50 billion by 2023, and it is a significant driver of the agricultural economy. To meet the corresponding demand for information, consumer horticulture (CH) professionals will need to develop innovative digital outreach, research-based solutions, a concerted recruitment of youth, and enhanced collaborations. To understand the current gaps in CH research and the extent of the involvement of public gardens in CH, surveys were conducted among the two groups, CH/extension researchers and staff of public gardens. The results of the surveys were presented at the virtual conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science on 12 Aug. 2020 during a workshop hosted by the Consumer Horticulture and Master Gardener Professional Interest Group. The workshop included four presentations, and two of those are discussed in this paper: 1) research gaps in CH and 2) bridging the divide between CH and public gardens. Among researchers, even though there was a general understanding of CH, there was a disconnect in participants’ perceptions of the roles of CH in the economy and recreation. The greatest knowledge gap was in basic horticultural practices. Regarding public garden professionals, there needs to be a concerted effort to educate them about CH so they can provide a consistent message to their audiences and the general public.

The benefits and costs of varying container sizes have yet to be fully evaluated to determine which container size affords the most advantageous opportunity for consumers. To determine value of the tree following transplant, clonal replicates of Vitex agnus-castus L. [Chaste Tree], Acer rubrum L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Sarg. [Drummond Red Maple], and Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. [Baldcypress] were grown under common conditions in each of five container sizes 3.5, 11.7, 23.3, 97.8 or 175.0 L, respectively (#1, 3, 7, 25 or 45). In June 2013, six trees of each container size and species were transplanted to a sandy clay loam field in College Station, Texas. To determine the increase in value over a two-year post-transplant period, height and caliper measurements were taken at the end of nursery production and again at the end of the second growing season in the field, October 2014. Utilizing industry standards, initial costs of materials and labor were then compared with the size of trees after two years. Replacement cost analysis after two growing seasons indicated a greater increase in value for 11.7 and 23.3 L trees compared to losses in value for some 175.0 L trees. In comparison with trees from larger containers, trees from smaller size containers experienced shorter establishment times and increased growth rates, thus creating a quicker return on investment for trees transplanted from the smaller container sizes.