In countries that are rich with oil palm, the use of palm oil to produce bio-based acrylates and polyol can be the most eminent raw materials used for developing new and advanced natural polymeric materials involving radiation technique, like coating resins, nanoparticles, scaffold, nanocomposites, and lithography for different branches of the industry. The presence of hydrocarbon chains, carbon double bonds, and ester bonds in palm oil allows it to open up the possibility of fine-tuning its unique structures in the development of novel materials. Cross-linking, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), polymerization, grafting, and degradation are among the radiation mechanisms triggered by gamma, electron beam, ultraviolet, or laser irradiation sources. These radiation techniques are widely used in the development of polymeric materials because they are considered as the most versatile, inexpensive, easy, and effective methods. Therefore, this review summarized and emphasized on several recent studies that have reported on emerging radiation processing technologies for the production of radiation curable palm oil-based polymeric materials with a promising future in certain industries and biomedical applications. This review also discusses the rich potential of biopolymeric materials for advanced technology applications.

There are many types of Ultra Violet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) products available in the market used in many applications such as sterilization and disinfection. These products are popular during the spread of pandemic COVID-19 and become an option of disinfection method for surface and air such as in office, hospital, hotel room and car. The objective of the study is to investigate the UVC lamps of the UVGI products based on their wavelength. This is to validate whether the product samples are using UVC lamp as stated in the specification which normally has 253.7 to 254 nm wavelength. Besides that, the UVC intensity level has been measured to determine the irradiance emitted by the lamps. The measurement was carried out at various distance to see the effectiveness of the UVGI in disinfection process at different size of spaces. UVC is categorised as non-ionising radiation and has potential health effects due to excessive exposure specially to eye and skin. The equipment used for the irradiance measurement is IL 1700 radiometer with UVC sensor and the measurement data recorded in microwatt/cm². The irradiance level of the samples was compared with the permissible exposure limit to the members of public by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

This study focuses on reprocessing a group of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). The aim is to explore the possibility of disinfecting selected KN95 FFRs, in comparison with the N95 FFRs, and assess their viability for reusage. For this purpose, five models of unused N95 and KN95 FFR models obtained from the hospital were exposed to UV-C light using a customized UVGI chamber. The material integrity of treated FFRs was examined in terms of particle penetration and strap tension. The surface morphology of all models is inspected to determine the visible changes of each FFR upon exposure to 1-100 cycles (1 cycle is equivalent to 1 J/cm² UV dose). The penetration test results indicate that the physical properties of the KN95 and N95 FFRs remain within permissible limits despite being reprocessed by up to 100 cycles (100 J/cm²). Using a microscope, the physical observations also reveal that no visible damage can be seen even after 100 J/cm² exposure. Apart from the filter bodies, the tension of each strap were also found to not be significantly affected by UV radiation by at least 10 disinfection cycles (10 J/cm²). This confirms that KN95, as well as N95 FFRs, can be subjected to UV treatment as a means for disinfection.

Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are well-known materials that can be used as colorimetric stimulations sensors. PDA-based materials are usually produced though the self-assembly in an aqueous solution. Since the responses of PDA vesicles produced under different conditions changed, the PDA vesicles must be optimized. It was employed to optimize the irradiation dosage, concentration, temperature and solvent ratio for PDA vesicles by using the Box-Behnken experiment design. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) can help reduce the number of tests needed by analyzing several combinations of variable levels at the same time. The peak of optical shift characteristics of PDAs vesicles was enhanced in parallel with the optimization of optimal parameters. As a consequence, the conditions with the maximum optical absorbance as evaluated by UV-Vis Spectroscopy were preferable. Therefore, the results indicate that this model is reliable and can precisely identify the maximum response peak. It was concluded that the BBD experimental design concept could be effectively used to optimize the parameters for the formation of PDAs vesicles with the fewest number of experimental runs possible. The PDAs vesicles formed under these conditions will be used for further characterization and testing. As a consequence, the best optimal conditions for 10,12-pentacosadyinoic acid (PCDA) vesicles can be concluded at 2.0 mM monomer concentration, 65 degree celsius processing temperature and 50:50 solvent ratio used between chloroform and tetrahydrofuran.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS) is a very potent means for analyzing the diffusion behaviour of supramolecules in their solution form. The diffusion coefficient, probed from the scattered light by supramolecules underexposure to incident light, allows the hydrodynamic radii to be calculated. However, the scattering values were recently misled by an unexpected interaction between the incident light and thermo-sensitive nanogels. Hence, in turn, it resulted in a miscalculation of the size of the nanogels by more than 100% of their expected values. The study fulfills a vital knowledge gap by investigating the effects of laser intensity on the size of thermo-sensitive Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide-Vinyl Pyrrolidone-Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate-(2-(Dimethyl Amino)Ethyl Methacrylate)), Poly(NIPAAM-PVP-PEGDA-DMAEMA) nanogels and subsequent count rates in DLS measurements. The Lower Critical Solution Temperature, LCST phase transition of Poly(NIPAAM-PVP-PEGDA-DMAEMA) nanogel can be observed using the DLS technique. The higher laser intensity was advantageous for measuring at high dilution more vigorously with varying laser intensities. Thus, a sufficient laser intensity should be chosen based on the light scattering characteristics of typical samples.