Recovering methane (CH ₄ ) via the injection of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) into a CH ₄ -hydrate-bearing reservoir is a highly attractive mechanism for meeting the world's future energy demand, since it offers the prospect of carbon-neutral energy production.

We present the first quantitative measurements of hydrate formation probability, nucleation rate and growth on a water droplet suspended within a high pressure natural gas by acoustic levitation.

Measurement of oil contamination of produced water is required in the oil and gas industry to the (ppm) level prior to discharge in order to meet typical environmental legislative requirements. Here we present the use of compact, mobile ¹ H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in combination with solid phase extraction (SPE), to meet this metrology need. The NMR hardware employed featured a sufficiently homogeneous magnetic field, such that chemical shift differences could be used to unambiguously differentiate, and hence quantitatively detect, the required oil and solvent NMR signals. A solvent system consisting of 1% v/v chloroform in tetrachloroethylene was deployed, this provided a comparable ¹ H NMR signal intensity for the oil and the solvent (chloroform) and hence an internal reference ¹ H signal from the chloroform resulting in the measurement being effectively self-calibrating. The measurement process was applied to water contaminated with hexane or crude oil over the range 1–30 ppm. The results were validated against known solubility limits as well as infrared analysis and gas chromatography.