The term toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) has been proposed to describe fatty liver diseases connected to toxicants other than alcohol. Aflatoxins are mycotoxins commonly found as contaminants in foods and feeds, which are known liver toxicants and potential candidates as potential causes of TAFLD. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was administered at low doses to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, alone or in combination with S-50 Hz an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELFEMF), to study the evolution of TAFLD, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the liver and the potential enhancing effect of lifespan exposure to ELFEMF. Steatosis, inflammation and foci of different types were significantly increased in both aflatoxin-treated males and females, which is consistent with a pattern of TAFLD. A significant increase in adenomas, cystic dilation of biliary ducts, hepatocellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy and oval cell hyperplasia were also observed in treated females only. The administration of low doses of AFB1 caused TAFLD in SD rats, inducing liver lesions encompassing fatty infiltration, foci of different types and adenomas. Furthermore, the pattern of change observed in preneoplastic liver lesions often included liver steatosis and steatohepatitis (TASH). ELFEMF did not result in any enhancing or toxic effect in the liver of SD rats.

Background: Haemolymphoreticular neoplasias (HLRNs) from the Ramazzini Institute (RI) carcinogenicity studies on Aspartame (APM) in rats and mice were heterogeneously grouped over the years and different statistical methods were applied. Objective: We report all the detailed HLRN diagnoses of all the RI rats and mice studies on APM and the related statistics. Methods: Histological subtypes and lineage (myeloid or lymphoid) are reported in males (MM) and females (FF) in line with the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions (INHAND) for rodents and the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Statistical analyses included Fisher’s Exact test and Cochran-Armitage trend test. Findings: Results from the post-natal bioassay on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (BT6008) showed statistically significant increases in lymphomas (all types) (MM, FF), leukemias (all types) (FF), immunoblastic lymphomas (MM, FF), total lymphoid tumours (MM, FF), monocytic leukemia (FF), myeloid leukemia (FF), histiocytic sarcoma (FF), and total myeloid tumours (FF). Results from the prenatal experiment on SD rats (BT6009), showed statistically significant increases in lymphomas (all types) (FF), leukemias (all types) (FF), total lymphoid tumours (FF), myeloid leukemia (FF), and total myeloid tumours (FF). Finally, results from the prenatal bioassay on Swiss mice (BT6010) showed statistically significant increases in leukemias (all types) (MM, FF), lymphoblastic leukemia (MM, FF), monocytic leukemia (MM) and total myeloid tumours (MM). Conclusions: Our analyses, performed in line with international recommended guidelines for statistics and pathology, confirm and reinforce our previous findings of statistically significant increases of HLRNs in rodents exposed to APM.

Alcohol consumption is a major cancer risk factor, particularly for head and neck cancers, including the oral cavity. Acetaldehyde, the primary genotoxic metabolite of ethanol, may play key roles in oral carcinogenesis, though the mechanisms remain unclear. While mutational signatures SBS16, DBS4, and ID11 have been tentatively linked to alcohol use, they are not exclusive to alcohol-related cancers. In this study, we examined the genome-wide in vivo mutagenic effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde by analyzing tumors from the cheek, Zymbal gland, larynx, forestomach, and liver of rats chronically exposed to these compounds. Signature analysis revealed exposure-specific, early-onset formation of SBS17 in ∼28% of head and neck tumors, suggesting inflammation and/or oxidative damage as potential mediators of carcinogenesis. Cancer driver gene analysis identified a relative enrichment of exposed tumors with mutations in the Tp53 and Mtor genes. No notable exposure-specific changes were observed in doublet-base substitutions, indel signatures, or copy number variants. Notably, SBS16, DBS4, and ID11 were absent. Our findings suggest direct mutagenicity may not be the main driver of alcohol-related cancer. Other harmful cellular effects, undetectable by whole genome sequencing, may be involved. Our findings suggest that SBS17 could function as a potential exposure-specific molecular marker of alcohol-related cancers in humans.

Background: Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the world’s most widely used weed control agents. There has been intense and increasing public health concern about glyphosate and GBHs since the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified glyphosate as a probable human carcinogen in 2015. Aims: To further study the health effects of glyphosate and GBHs, the Ramazzini Institute, in collaboration with an international network of institutes and universities, has launched the Global Glyphosate Study (GGS), the most comprehensive toxicological study ever performed on these compounds. The GGS is an integrated study designed to test a wide range of toxicological outcomes including carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, multi-generational effects, organ toxicity, endocrine disruption and prenatal developmental toxicity. The present study reports the first definitive results on leukemia incidence and mortality from the carcinogenicity arm of the GGS. Method: Glyphosate and two GBHs, Roundup Bioflow (MON 52276) used in the European Union (EU) and RangerPro (EPA 524-517) used in the U.S., were administered long-term to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats beginning in prenatal life until 104 weeks of age via drinking water at doses of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg body weight/day. This dose range encompasses both the EU Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and the EU No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for glyphosate. Each experimental group was composed of 51 males and 51 females, the total number animals were 1020 (510 males and 510 females). Results: In the animals exposed to glyphosate, a significantly increased trend in incidence of lymphoblastic leukemia was observed in males. In the Roundup Bioflow-treated animals, significantly increased trends were observed in incidence of lymphoblastic leukemia (males and females), monocytic leukemia (males), total myeloid leukemia (males), and all leukemias combined (males and females). In the RangerPro-treated animals, significantly increased trends were observed in incidence of lymphoblastic leukemia (males and females), monocytic leukemia (males) and all leukemias combined (males). 43% of leukemias deaths in the glyphosate and GBHs treated groups occurred before the first year of age (52 weeks). Conclusions: Glyphosate and GBHs at exposure levels corresponding to the EU ADI and the EU NOAEL caused significant, dose-related increased trends in incidence of leukemia, a very rare malignancy, in SD rats. Notably, about half of the leukemia deaths seen in the glyphosate and GBH groups occurred at less than one year of age, comparable to less than 35-40 years of age in humans.