The present study was to systematically evaluate different licorice flavonoids (LFs) compounds release behaviors from the single payload hydrogel and LFs extracts hydrogels based on the drug solubility in the release medium (DSRM), intermolecular strength of the hydrogel and the "release steric hindrance" (RSH). Two kinds of LFs (LFs 1: LFs 2 = 5:1, W/W) hydrogels were prepared with Carbopol 940 (CBP) as the thickener, and ten LFs single payload hydrogels were prepared according to the actual content in the LFs 1 extracts. The drug release mechanisms were confirmed by in vitro release experiments and molecular dynamic simulation analysis, and evaluated using novel indicators of ER_{LFs 1/Sin} (the enhancement ratio (ER) of drug release percent of LFs 1-CBP hydrogel to the single payload hydrogel), ER_{LFs 2/ LFs 1} (ER of drug release percent of LFs 2-CBP hydrogel to LFs 1-CBP hydrogel) and ER_{release medium} (ER of drug release percent in different release medium). We found that LFs 1-CBP possessed a significantly higher intermolecular strength and RSH than LFs 2-CBP, resulting in a higher viscosity, which had a positive correlation with the payload content and a negative correlation with the drug release percent. Therefore, the ER_{LFs 2/ LFs 1} values of ten LFs compounds were all higher than 1. For liquiritigenin and retrochalcone with higher DSRM, they displayed similar ER_{LFs 1/ Sin}, ER_{LFs 2/ LFs 1} and ER_{release medium} values (≈1). For formononetin, licoflavone A and licochalcone A with low DSRM, they exhibited ER_{LFs 1/Sin} values >1. The low DSRM was the decisive factor to restrict their release from the single payload hydrogel. The presence of glycyrrhizin acid (GA) in the LFs could facilitate their release from the LFs extracts hydrogel. For isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin and glabridin with a lower content in the LFs extracts, they exhibited ER_{LFs 1/Sin} values <1. The RSH predominantly restricted its release. The study provided guidelines for the reasonable design of LFs extracts hydrogel in pharmaceutical topical formulations.

Objective: In recent years, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasing year by year, bringing huge economic and mental burdens to society and families. Ayres Sensory Integration Intervention (ASI) is a widely used approach in the treatment of ASD. A more common sensory integration approach in China is called sensory integration-based intervention (SIBI), which is developed based on ASI. This study systematically analyzes the effects of SIBI on the sensory integration abilities and autism-related behaviors of autistic children. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO, and CNKI databases from inception to February 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using SIBI to improve autistic children were included. After selection, data were extracted on author, year, country, sample size, age, intervention type and duration, and outcome indicators. Quality assessment and data extraction were conducted independently by two researchers. Statistical analyses were performed in Stata 17, including forest plots, funnel plots with Egger’s test for publication bias, and meta-regression for heterogeneity. Results: A total of 16 studies with 1319 samples were included. The results showed that compared to the control group, SIBI had a positive effect on the total score of sensory integration ability scales for autistic children [mean difference (MD), 11.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) (10.53, 12.53); P<0.5]. Compared to the control group, SIBI also positively improved the total score of the ATEC scale [MD, -16.12; 95% CI (-22.61, -9.64); P<0.05] and the total score of the ABC scale [MD, -16.12; 95% CI (-22.61, -9.64); P50%) in the results of SIBI intervention on the total ABC score, a meta-regression analysis was conducted. The results of the meta-regression analysis indicated that age was not the source of heterogeneity, while the intervention duration was found to be the source of heterogeneity (β=-0.51, P<0.05, 95% CI [-1.01, -0.01]). Conclusion: SIBI can effectively improve the sensory integration ability and autism-related behaviors of autistic children. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ , identifier CRD420250639991.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the regulatory impact of early swimming intervention on striatal metabolism in Shank3 gene knockout ASD model rats. Methods: Shank3 gene knockout exon 11–21 male 8-day-old SD rats were used as experimental subjects and randomly divided into the following three groups: a Shank3 knockout control group (KC), a wild-type control group (WC) from the same litter, and a Shank3 knockout swimming group (KS). The rats in the exercise group received early swimming intervention for 8 weeks starting at 8 days old. LC-MS metabolism was employed to detect the changes in metabolites in the striatum. Results: There were 17 differential metabolites (14 down-regulated) between the KC and WC groups, 19 differential metabolites (18 up-regulated) between the KS and KC groups, and 22 differential metabolites (18 up-regulated) between the KS and WC groups. Conclusions: The metabolism of striatum in Shank3 knockout ASD model rats is disrupted, involving metabolites related to synaptic morphology, and the Glu and GABAergic synapses are abnormal. Early swimming intervention regulated the striatal metabolome group of the ASD model rats, with differential metabolites primarily related to nerve development, synaptic membrane structure, and synaptic signal transduction.

A backhand flick is frequently used in table tennis to initiate offensive play, yet how racket motion evolves during subsequent stroke transitions remains insufficiently characterized. This study examined racket kinematics in two common follow-up combinations: a backhand flick followed by a backhand fast block (BFBB) and a backhand flick followed by a forehand fast block (BFFB). In a within-subject design, ten national-level male players performed both combinations, and racket motion was recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system at 200 Hz. Racket velocity, phase duration, and spatial displacement were quantified across the stroke sequence, and within-player differences between the two stroke transition combinations following the backhand flick were examined. Compared with BFBB, BFFB showed higher racket velocity at most key moments, particularly near ball contact, whereas no significant difference was found at the end of the follow-through. Backward-phase duration did not differ between the two conditions, but BFFB showed longer durations during the hitting and follow-through phases, together with a longer overall duration. BFFB also exhibited greater directional displacement across multiple phases, whereas BFBB was characterized by a more compact spatiotemporal pattern. These findings provide biomechanical evidence that different follow-up strokes after an identical backhand flick are associated with distinct patterns of racket motion during stroke transitions and may offer a kinematic reference for sequence-specific training in table tennis.