Saffron, derived from Crocus sativus, is gaining research attention for potential therapeutic applications. Its diverse clinical applications extend to cardiovascular health, diabetes management, sleep quality, psychiatric illnesses, and rheumatoid arthritis. Saffron’s positive effects on blood pressure, glucose levels, cognitive function, and inflammatory markers contribute to its versatility. Additionally, carotenoids like crocin and crocetin suggest anti-cancer potential. In terms of reproductive health, saffron’s impact on male reproductive health shows conflicting findings on semen parameters. However, in female reproductive health, saffron appears promising for managing dysmenorrhoea, reducing menstrual pain, regulating hormonal fluctuations, and improving overall menstrual health. Safety considerations highlight the importance of adhering to specified dosages, as excessive intake may lead to toxicity. Yet, within the therapeutic range, saffron is considered safe, relieving symptoms without serious side effects, according to clinical research. Future trials in 2023 will explore saffron’s potential in cancer therapy, diabetes management, mental health, stress response, cardiovascular health, postmenopausal women’s well-being, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This ongoing research underscores saffron’s adaptability and promise as a natural treatment across various medical applications, emphasizing its efficacy. The current review, therefore, aims to provide up-to-date insights on saffron’s role particularly in the realm of reproductive health, contributing to a growing body of evidence supporting its diverse therapeutic benefits.

Purpose To determine the impact of physical and psychosocial factors on the age of menarche in girls from different socioeconomic backgrounds in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out on female students aged 11 to 16 years from four different schools in urban and rural areas of Karachi district, Pakistan in 2022. Subjects who had not yet menstruated were excluded. Bilingual questionnaires were used in the study to record the responses. Height and weight were measured using calibrated instruments. The population sample size was 307, with a 95% confidence level. The Kuppuswamy scale was used for socioeconomic status (SES) measurement. Results The mean age of menarche was found to be 11.9 ± 1.1 years. The study showed a significant correlation between age at menarche and height (p = 0.000), weight (p = 0.001), BMI (p = 0.009), physical activity (p = 0.007), female siblings (p = 0.082), psychological effect of lockdown (p = 0.035), father’s occupation (p = 0.002) and abusive home environment (p = 0.015). Diet, co-education, relation with father, total number of siblings, paternal presence or absence and socioeconomic status showed insignificant correlation with age at menarche. Various factors, particularly emotional abuse, can have far-reaching effects on the growth and development of female adolescents. Conclusion The results support the significant influence of height, weight, BMI, physical activity, father’s occupation, and abusive home environment on age at menarche.