In this study, deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models of stimulated tropical cyclone intensity (TCI), minimum central pressure (MCP), and maximum 2 min mean wind speed at near center (MWS) were constructed based on ocean and atmospheric reanalysis, as well Best Track of tropical hurricane data over 2014–2018. In order to explore the interpretability of the model structure, sensitivity experiments were designed with various combinations of predictors. The model test results show that simplified VGG-16 (VGG-16 s) outperforms the other two general models (LeNet-5 and AlexNet). The results of the sensitivity experiments display good consistency with the hypothesis and perceptions, which verifies the validity and reliability of the model. Furthermore, the results also suggest that the importance of predictors varies in different targets. The top three factors that are highly related to TCI are sea surface temperature (SST), temperature at 500 hPa (TEM_500), and the differences in wind speed between 850 hPa and 500 hPa (vertical wind shear speed, VWSS). VWSS, relative humidity (RH), and SST are more significant than MCP. For MWS and SST, TEM_500, and temperature at 850 hPa (TEM_850) outweigh the other variables. This conclusion also implies that deep learning could be an alternative way to conduct intensive and quantitative research.

Due to the limited understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved in ozone formation, as well as the large uncertainties surrounding its precursors, commonly used methods often result in biased predictions. Deep learning, as a powerful tool for fitting data, offers an alternative approach. However, most deep learning-based ozone-prediction models only take into account temporality and have limited capacity. Existing spatiotemporal deep learning models generally suffer from model complexity and inadequate spatiality learning. Thus, we propose a novel spatiotemporal model, namely the Spatiotemporal Attentive Gated Recurrent Unit (STAGRU). STAGRU uses a double attention mechanism, which includes temporal and spatial attention layers. It takes historical sequences from a target monitoring station and its neighboring stations as input to capture temporal and spatial information, respectively. This approach enables the achievement of more accurate results. The novel model was evaluated by comparing it to ozone observations in five major cities, Nanjing, Chengdu, Beijing, Guangzhou and Wuhan. All of these cities experience severe ozone pollution. The comparison involved Seq2Seq models, Seq2Seq+Attention models and our models. The experimental results show that our algorithm performs 14% better than Seq2Seq models and 4% better than Seq2Seq+Attention models. We also discuss the interpretability of our method, which reveals that temporality involves short-term dependency and long-term periodicity, while spatiality is mainly reflected in the transportation of ozone with the wind. This study emphasizes the significant impact of transportation on the implementation of ozone-pollution-control measures by the Chinese government.