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Smart cities aim to provide smart governance with the emphasis on gaining high transparency and trust in public services and enabling citizen participation in decision making processes. This means on the one hand data generated from urban transactions need to be open and trustworthy. On the other hand, security and privacy of public data needs to be handled at different administrative and geographical levels. In this paper, we investigate the pivotal role of blockchain in providing privacy, self‐verification, authentication, and authorization of participatory transactions in open governance. We also investigate up to what extent edge computing can contribute toward management of permissioned sharing at specific administrative levels and enhance privacy and provide an economic approach for resource utilization in a distributed environment. We introduce a novel architecture that is based on distributed hybrid ledger and edge computing model. The architecture provides refined and secure management of data generated and processed in different geographical and administrative units of a city. We implemented a proof of concept of the architecture and applied it on a carefully designed use case, ie, citizen participation in administrative decisions through consensus. This use case highlights the need to keep and process citizen participation data at local level by deploying district chaincodes and only share consensus results through permissioned chaincodes. The results reveal that proposed architecture is scalable and provide secure and privacy protected environment for citizen participatory applications. Our performance test results are promising and show that under control conditions, the average registration time for a citizen transaction is about 42 ms, whilst the validation and result compilation of 100 concurrent citizens' transactions took about 2.4 seconds.
Zaheer Khan; Abdul Ghafoor Abbasi; Zeeshan Pervez. Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 2019, 32, 1 .
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Abdul Ghafoor Abbasi, Zeeshan Pervez. Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 2019; 32 (12):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Abdul Ghafoor Abbasi; Zeeshan Pervez. 2019. "Blockchain and edge computing–based architecture for participatory smart city applications." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 32, no. 12: 1.
With the increasing role of ICT in enabling and supporting smart cities, the demand for big data analytics solutions is increasing. Various artificial intelligence, data mining, machine learning and statistical analysis‐based solutions have been successfully applied in thematic domains like climate science, energy management, transport, air quality management and weather pattern analysis. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature on smart city big data analytics. We have searched a number of different repositories using specific keywords and followed a structured data mining methodology for selecting material for the review. We have also performed a technological and thematic analysis of the shortlisted literature, identified various data mining/machine learning techniques and presented the results. Based on this analysis we also present a classification model that studies four aspects of research in this domain. These include data models, computing models, security and privacy aspects and major market drivers in the smart cities domain. Moreover, we present a gap analysis and identify future directions for research. For the thematic analysis we identified the themes smart city governance, economy, environment, transport and energy. We present the major challenges in these themes, the major research work done in the field of data analytics to address these challenges and future research directions. This article is categorized under: Application Areas > Government and Public Sector Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Big Data Mining
Kamran Soomro; Muhammad Nasir Mumtaz Bhutta; Zaheer Khan; Muhammad A. Tahir. Smart city big data analytics: An advanced review. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2019, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleKamran Soomro, Muhammad Nasir Mumtaz Bhutta, Zaheer Khan, Muhammad A. Tahir. Smart city big data analytics: An advanced review. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. 2019; 9 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamran Soomro; Muhammad Nasir Mumtaz Bhutta; Zaheer Khan; Muhammad A. Tahir. 2019. "Smart city big data analytics: An advanced review." WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 9, no. 5: 1.
Visualisation underpins the understanding of scientific data both through exploration and explanation of analysed data. Provenance strengthens the understanding of data by showing the process of how a result has been achieved. With the significant increase in data volumes and algorithm complexity, clinical researchers are struggling with information tracking, analysis reproducibility and the verification of scientific output. In addition, data coming from various heterogeneous sources with varying levels of trust in a collaborative environment adds to the uncertainty of the scientific outputs. This provides the motivation for provenance data capture and visualisation support for analyses. In this paper a system, NeuroProv is presented, to visualise provenance data in order to aid in the process of verification of scientific outputs, comparison of analyses, progression and evolution of results for neuroimaging analyses. The experimental results show the effectiveness of visualising provenance data for neuroimaging analyses.
Bilal Arshad; Kamran Munir; Richard McClatchey; Jetendr Shamdasani; Zaheer Khan. NeuroProv: Provenance data visualisation for neuroimaging analyses. Journal of Computer Languages 2019, 52, 72 -87.
AMA StyleBilal Arshad, Kamran Munir, Richard McClatchey, Jetendr Shamdasani, Zaheer Khan. NeuroProv: Provenance data visualisation for neuroimaging analyses. Journal of Computer Languages. 2019; 52 ():72-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilal Arshad; Kamran Munir; Richard McClatchey; Jetendr Shamdasani; Zaheer Khan. 2019. "NeuroProv: Provenance data visualisation for neuroimaging analyses." Journal of Computer Languages 52, no. : 72-87.
Zaheer Khan; Jan Peters-Anders. Big Data in Smart Cities. Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies 2019, 292 -301.
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Jan Peters-Anders. Big Data in Smart Cities. Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies. 2019; ():292-301.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Jan Peters-Anders. 2019. "Big Data in Smart Cities." Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies , no. : 292-301.
Zaheer Khan; Jan Peters-Anders. Big Data in Smart Cities. Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies 2018, 1 -10.
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Jan Peters-Anders. Big Data in Smart Cities. Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies. 2018; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Jan Peters-Anders. 2018. "Big Data in Smart Cities." Encyclopedia of Big Data Technologies , no. : 1-10.
Government policies aim to address public issues and problems and therefore play a pivotal role in people’s lives. The creation of public policies, however, is complex given the perspective of large and diverse stakeholders’ involvement, considerable human participation, lengthy processes, complex task specification and the non-deterministic nature of the process. The inherent complexities of the policy process impart challenges for designing a computing system that assists in supporting and automating the business process pertaining to policy setup, which also raises concerns for setting up a tracking service in the policy-making environment. A tracking service informs how decisions have been taken during policy creation and can provide useful and intrinsic information regarding the policy process. At present, there exists no computing system that assists in tracking the complete process that has been employed for policy creation. To design such a system, it is important to consider the policy environment challenges; for this a novel network and goal based approach has been framed and is covered in detail in this paper. Furthermore, smart governance objectives that include stakeholders’ participation and citizens’ involvement have been considered. Thus, the proposed approach has been devised by considering smart governance principles and the knowledge environment of policy making where tasks are largely dependent on policy makers’ decisions and on individual policy objectives. Our approach reckons the human dimension for deciding and defining autonomous process activities at run time. Furthermore, with the network-based approach, so-called provenance data tracking is employed which enables the capture of policy process.
Barkha Javed; Zaheer Khan; Richard McClatchey. An Adaptable System to Support Provenance Management for the Public Policy-Making Process in Smart Cities. Informatics 2018, 5, 3 .
AMA StyleBarkha Javed, Zaheer Khan, Richard McClatchey. An Adaptable System to Support Provenance Management for the Public Policy-Making Process in Smart Cities. Informatics. 2018; 5 (1):3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarkha Javed; Zaheer Khan; Richard McClatchey. 2018. "An Adaptable System to Support Provenance Management for the Public Policy-Making Process in Smart Cities." Informatics 5, no. 1: 3.
Zaheer Khan; Zeeshan Pervez; Abdul Ghafoor Abbasi. Towards a secure service provisioning framework in a Smart city environment. Future Generation Computer Systems 2017, 77, 112 -135.
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Zeeshan Pervez, Abdul Ghafoor Abbasi. Towards a secure service provisioning framework in a Smart city environment. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2017; 77 ():112-135.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Zeeshan Pervez; Abdul Ghafoor Abbasi. 2017. "Towards a secure service provisioning framework in a Smart city environment." Future Generation Computer Systems 77, no. : 112-135.
This paper investigates the extent to which a mobile data source can be utilised to generate new information intelligence for decision-making in smart city planning processes. In this regard, the Mobility Explorer framework is introduced and applied to the City of Vienna (Austria) by using anonymised mobile phone data from a mobile phone service provider. This framework identifies five necessary elements that are needed to develop complex planning applications. As part of the investigation and experiments a new dynamic software tool, called Mobility Explorer, has been designed and developed based on the requirements of the planning department of the City of Vienna. As a result, the Mobility Explorer enables city stakeholders to interactively visualise the dynamic diurnal population distribution, mobility patterns and various other complex outputs for planning needs. Based on the experiences during the development phase, this paper discusses mobile data issues, presents the visual interface, performs various user-defined analyses, demonstrates the application’s usefulness and critically reflects on the evaluation results of the citizens’ motion exploration that reveal the great potential of mobile phone data in smart city planning but also depict its limitations. These experiences and lessons learned from the Mobility Explorer application development provide useful insights for other cities and planners who want to make informed decisions using mobile phone data in their city planning processes through dynamic visualisation of Call Data Record (CDR) data.
Jan Peters-Anders; Zaheer Khan; Wolfgang Loibl; Helmut Augustin; Arno Breinbauer. Dynamic, Interactive and Visual Analysis of Population Distribution and Mobility Dynamics in an Urban Environment Using the Mobility Explorer Framework. Information 2017, 8, 56 .
AMA StyleJan Peters-Anders, Zaheer Khan, Wolfgang Loibl, Helmut Augustin, Arno Breinbauer. Dynamic, Interactive and Visual Analysis of Population Distribution and Mobility Dynamics in an Urban Environment Using the Mobility Explorer Framework. Information. 2017; 8 (2):56.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Peters-Anders; Zaheer Khan; Wolfgang Loibl; Helmut Augustin; Arno Breinbauer. 2017. "Dynamic, Interactive and Visual Analysis of Population Distribution and Mobility Dynamics in an Urban Environment Using the Mobility Explorer Framework." Information 8, no. 2: 56.
Citizen participation for social innovation and co-creating urban regeneration proposals can be greatly facilitated by innovative IT systems. Such systems can use Open Government Data, visualise urban proposals in 3D models and provide automated feedback on the feasibility of the proposals. Using such a system as a communication platform between citizens and city administrations provides an integrated top-down and bottom-up urban planning and decision-making approach to smart cities. However, generating automated feedback on citizens’ proposals requires modelling domain-specific knowledge i.e., vocabulary and rules, which can be applied on spatial and temporal 3D models. This paper presents the European Commission funded H2020 smarticipate project that aims to achieve the above challenge by applying it on three smart cities: Hamburg, Rome and RBKC-London. Whilst the proposed system architecture indicates various innovative features, a proof of concept of the automated feedback feature for the Hamburg use case ‘planting trees’ is demonstrated. Early results and lessons learned show that it is feasible to provide automated feedback on citizen-initiated proposals on specific topics. However, it is not straightforward to generalise this feature to cover more complex concepts and conditions which require specifying comprehensive domain languages, rules and appropriate tools to process them. This paper also highlights the strengths of the smarticipate platform, discusses challenges to realise its different features and suggests potential solutions.
Zaheer Khan; Jens Dambruch; Jan Peters-Anders; Andreas Sackl; Anton Strasser; Peter Fröhlich; Simon Templer; Kamran Soomro. Developing Knowledge-Based Citizen Participation Platform to Support Smart City Decision Making: The Smarticipate Case Study. Information 2017, 8, 47 .
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Jens Dambruch, Jan Peters-Anders, Andreas Sackl, Anton Strasser, Peter Fröhlich, Simon Templer, Kamran Soomro. Developing Knowledge-Based Citizen Participation Platform to Support Smart City Decision Making: The Smarticipate Case Study. Information. 2017; 8 (2):47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Jens Dambruch; Jan Peters-Anders; Andreas Sackl; Anton Strasser; Peter Fröhlich; Simon Templer; Kamran Soomro. 2017. "Developing Knowledge-Based Citizen Participation Platform to Support Smart City Decision Making: The Smarticipate Case Study." Information 8, no. 2: 47.
A policy-making process entails large sources of data for its creation, the tracking of which can provide a significant insight into a process and data that was being employed for its creation. However, a process employed for creating policies varies with each policy case due to different nature and requirements of policies. Therefore, a flexible approach is required to capture process details of different policies. Thus a novel autonomous provenance capturing technique has been introduced that is inspired from IP packet switching networking concepts. This novel technique is used with a model-driven approach to enable flexibility in a system. It is expected that this new technique will be able to systematically capture provenance in a dynamic sociotechnical environments.
Barkha Javed; Zaheer Khan; Richard McClatchey. A Network-based Approach to Capture Provenance of a Policy-making Process. Proceedings of the 21st International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium on - IDEAS 2017 2017, 283 -286.
AMA StyleBarkha Javed, Zaheer Khan, Richard McClatchey. A Network-based Approach to Capture Provenance of a Policy-making Process. Proceedings of the 21st International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium on - IDEAS 2017. 2017; ():283-286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarkha Javed; Zaheer Khan; Richard McClatchey. 2017. "A Network-based Approach to Capture Provenance of a Policy-making Process." Proceedings of the 21st International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium on - IDEAS 2017 , no. : 283-286.
Barkha Javed; Zaheer Khan; Richard McClatchey. Using a Model-driven Approach in Building a Provenance Framework for Tracking Policy-making Processes in Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 21st International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium on - IDEAS 2017 2017, 66 -73.
AMA StyleBarkha Javed, Zaheer Khan, Richard McClatchey. Using a Model-driven Approach in Building a Provenance Framework for Tracking Policy-making Processes in Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 21st International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium on - IDEAS 2017. 2017; ():66-73.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarkha Javed; Zaheer Khan; Richard McClatchey. 2017. "Using a Model-driven Approach in Building a Provenance Framework for Tracking Policy-making Processes in Smart Cities." Proceedings of the 21st International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium on - IDEAS 2017 , no. : 66-73.
ICT is becoming an enabler for smart city applications by making effective use of various data resources generated daily in an urban environment. Mostly this data is utilised by city authorities for city planning purposes and often citizens become indirect beneficiaries of such applications. In this paper we present an algorithm for real-time processing of streaming data from multiple sources. We also present the design and proof of concept of an application that performs mining and analysis of open data available through city portals and social networks and generates an information service in real time for use by city administrations. The prototype utilises streaming data from Twitter and open data from Bristol to demonstrate a hypothetical scenario using Apache Storm. The output is presented in the form of visual maps using OpenStreetMaps as a backend and the prototype highlights various challenges which are discussed in detail.
Kamran Soomro; Zaheer Khan; Khawar Hasham. Towards provisioning of real-time smart city services using clouds. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management and E-Learning - IC4E '18 2016, 191 -195.
AMA StyleKamran Soomro, Zaheer Khan, Khawar Hasham. Towards provisioning of real-time smart city services using clouds. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management and E-Learning - IC4E '18. 2016; ():191-195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamran Soomro; Zaheer Khan; Khawar Hasham. 2016. "Towards provisioning of real-time smart city services using clouds." Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management and E-Learning - IC4E '18 , no. : 191-195.
Barkha Javed; Richard McClatchey; Zaheer Khan; Jetendr Shamdasani. A Provenance Framework for Policy Analytics in Smart Cities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things and Big Data 2016, 429 -434.
AMA StyleBarkha Javed, Richard McClatchey, Zaheer Khan, Jetendr Shamdasani. A Provenance Framework for Policy Analytics in Smart Cities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things and Big Data. 2016; ():429-434.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarkha Javed; Richard McClatchey; Zaheer Khan; Jetendr Shamdasani. 2016. "A Provenance Framework for Policy Analytics in Smart Cities." Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things and Big Data , no. : 429-434.
Zaheer Khan; Ashiq Anjum; Kamran Soomro; Muhammad Atif Tahir. Towards cloud based big data analytics for smart future cities. Journal of Cloud Computing 2015, 4, 1 .
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Ashiq Anjum, Kamran Soomro, Muhammad Atif Tahir. Towards cloud based big data analytics for smart future cities. Journal of Cloud Computing. 2015; 4 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Ashiq Anjum; Kamran Soomro; Muhammad Atif Tahir. 2015. "Towards cloud based big data analytics for smart future cities." Journal of Cloud Computing 4, no. 1: 1.
Data collected through remote sensing (for instance geo-satellite) provides necessary stimulus for developing smart solutions for climate change & public health, energy efficiency and land monitoring in an urban environment. The velocity, variety, volume and veracity of high resolution data produced by geo-satellites provide big opportunity for planning and decision making in a smart city context. However, processing and integrating remote sensing data with auxiliary data sources require proper data management and elastic computational resources to derive necessary information intelligence (or knowledge) for decision making. This paper presents prototype of selected Decumanus services and highlights strengths & weaknesses of climate change, energy efficiency and land monitoring applications for the different European cities. The analysis of the early results indicate that the amount of computation resources required to process data for above applications make cloud computing a suitable technology but also face challenges in adopting it due to its recency, impact on green computing and reluctance to transform from legacy computing systems to new paradigms like cloud computing. We critically discuss these challenges and suggest possible solutions.
Antonio Garzón; M. Palacios; Julia Pecci; Zaheer Khan; David Ludlow. Using Space-Based Downstream Services for Urban Management in Smart Cities. 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing 2014, 818 -823.
AMA StyleAntonio Garzón, M. Palacios, Julia Pecci, Zaheer Khan, David Ludlow. Using Space-Based Downstream Services for Urban Management in Smart Cities. 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing. 2014; ():818-823.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Garzón; M. Palacios; Julia Pecci; Zaheer Khan; David Ludlow. 2014. "Using Space-Based Downstream Services for Urban Management in Smart Cities." 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing , no. : 818-823.
In the context of smart cities, public participation and citizen science are key ingredients for informed and intelligent planning decisions and policy-making. However, citizens face a practical challenge in formulating coherent information sets from the large volumes of data available to them. These large data volumes materialise due to the increased utilisation of information and communication technologies in urban settings and local authorities’ reliance on such technologies to govern urban settlements efficiently. To encourage effective public participation in urban governance of smart cities, the public needs to be facilitated with the right contextual information about the characteristics and processes of their urban surroundings in order to contribute to the aspects of urban governance that affect them such as socio-economic activities, quality of life, citizens well-being etc. The cities on the other hand face challenges in terms of crowd sourcing with quality data collection and standardisation, services inter-operability, provisioning of computational and data storage infrastructure.
Zaheer Khan; Saad Liaquat Kiani; Kamran Soomro. A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities. Journal of Cloud Computing 2014, 3, 14 .
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Saad Liaquat Kiani, Kamran Soomro. A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities. Journal of Cloud Computing. 2014; 3 (1):14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Saad Liaquat Kiani; Kamran Soomro. 2014. "A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities." Journal of Cloud Computing 3, no. 1: 14.
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to present the effectiveness of participatory information and communication technology (ICT) tools for urban planning, in particular, supporting bottom-up decision-making in urban management and governance. Design/methodology/approach – This work begins with a presentation on the state of the art literature on the existing participatory approaches and their contribution to urban planning and the policymaking process. Furthermore, a case study, namely, the UrbanAPI project, is selected to identify new visualisation and simulation tools applied at different urban scales. These tools are applied in four different European cities – Vienna, Bologna, Vitoria-Gasteiz and Ruse – with the objective to identify the data needs for application development, commonalities in requirements of such participatory tools and their expected impact in policy and decision-making processes. Findings – The case study presents three planning applications: three-dimensional Virtual Reality at neighbourhood scale, Public Motion Explorer at city-wide scale and Urban Growth Simulation at city-region scale. UrbanAPI applications indicate both active and passive participation secured by applying these tools at different urban scales and hence facilitate evidence-based urban planning decision-making. Structured engagement with the city administrations indicates commonalities in user needs and application requirements creating the potential for the development of generic features in these ICT tools which can be applied to many other cities throughout Europe. Originality/value – This paper presents new ICT-enabled participatory urban planning tools at different urban scales to support collaborative decision-making and urban policy development. Various technologies are used for the development of these IT tools and applied to the real environment of four European cities.
Zaheer Khan; David Ludlow; Wolfgang Loibl; Kamran Soomro. ICT enabled participatory urban planning and policy development. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 2014, 8, 205 -229.
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, David Ludlow, Wolfgang Loibl, Kamran Soomro. ICT enabled participatory urban planning and policy development. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. 2014; 8 (2):205-229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; David Ludlow; Wolfgang Loibl; Kamran Soomro. 2014. "ICT enabled participatory urban planning and policy development." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 8, no. 2: 205-229.
In the context of smart cities, public participation and citizen science are key ingredients for informed and intelligent planning decisions and policy-making. However, citizens face a practical challenge in formulating coherent information sets from the large volumes of data available to them. These large data volumes materialise due to the increased utilisation of information and communication technologies in urban settings and local authorities’ reliance on such technologies to govern urban settlements efficiently. To encourage effective public participation in urban governance of smart cities, the public needs to be facilitated with the right contextual information about the characteristics and processes of their urban surroundings in order to contribute to the aspects of urban governance that affect them such as socio-economic activities, quality of life, citizens well-being etc. The cities on the other hand face challenges in terms of crowd sourcing with quality data collection and standardisation, services inter-operability, provisioning of computational and data storage infrastructure.
Zaheer Khan; Saad Kiani; Kamran Soomro. A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities. Journal of Cloud Computing 2014, 3, 14 .
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, Saad Kiani, Kamran Soomro. A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities. Journal of Cloud Computing. 2014; 3 (1):14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; Saad Kiani; Kamran Soomro. 2014. "A framework for cloud-based context-aware information services for citizens in smart cities." Journal of Cloud Computing 3, no. 1: 14.
The e-Learning domain is evolving rapidly due to a number of factors and amongst these are the two key factors: i) availability of new ICT tools and technologies such as cloud computing, ontologies and smart phones, and ii) application of various learning theories and the development of new learning models. The latter is anticipated to generate new sets of requirements for the development of new e-Learning for the cloud environment. This paper is an attempt towards developing a generic requirements model for hybrid cloud-based e-Learning systems with particular reference to e-learning systems' requirements in general, pedagogical requirements, technical requirements including non-functional requirements, and the mapping of these requirements to cloud-based e-learning environments.
Rawad Hammad; Mohammed Odeh; Zaheer Khan; Rafat Hammad. Towards A Generic Requirements Model for Hybrid and Cloud-based e-Learning Systems. 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science 2013, 2, 106 -111.
AMA StyleRawad Hammad, Mohammed Odeh, Zaheer Khan, Rafat Hammad. Towards A Generic Requirements Model for Hybrid and Cloud-based e-Learning Systems. 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science. 2013; 2 ():106-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRawad Hammad; Mohammed Odeh; Zaheer Khan; Rafat Hammad. 2013. "Towards A Generic Requirements Model for Hybrid and Cloud-based e-Learning Systems." 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science 2, no. : 106-111.
In common with all projects, evaluating an Information Technology (IT) based research and development project is necessary in order to discover whether or not the outcomes of the project are successful. However, evaluating large-scale collaborative projects is especially difficult as: (i) stakeholders from different countries are involved who, almost inevitably, have diverse technological and/or application domain backgrounds and objectives; (ii) multiple and sometimes conflicting application specific and user-defined requirements exist; and (iii) multiple and often conflicting technological research and development objectives are apparent. In this paper, we share our experiences based on the large-scale integrated research project - The HUMBOLDT project - with project duration of 54 months, involving contributions from 27 partner organisations, plus 4 sub-contractors from 14 different European countries. In the HUMBOLDT project, a specific evaluation methodology was defined and utilised for the user evaluation of the project outcomes. The user evaluation performed on the HUMBOLDT Framework and its associated nine application scenarios from various application domains, resulted in not only an evaluation of the integrated project, but also revealed the benefits and disadvantages of the evaluation methodology. This paper presents the evaluation methodology, discusses in detail the process of applying it to the HUMBOLDT project and provides an in-depth analysis of the results, which can be usefully applied to other collaborative research projects in a variety of domains.
Zaheer Khan; David Ludlow; Santiago Cáceres. Evaluating a collaborative IT based research and development project. Evaluation and Program Planning 2013, 40, 27 -41.
AMA StyleZaheer Khan, David Ludlow, Santiago Cáceres. Evaluating a collaborative IT based research and development project. Evaluation and Program Planning. 2013; 40 ():27-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaheer Khan; David Ludlow; Santiago Cáceres. 2013. "Evaluating a collaborative IT based research and development project." Evaluation and Program Planning 40, no. : 27-41.