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The rapid change in environmental protection in China raises our interests in evaluating the shadow price of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and in developing a framework for analyzing the association between pollutants’ shadow prices and their driving forces: technological change, scale efficiency change, and pure efficiency change. The imbalance across the provinces also draws our attention to a provincial-level analysis. The results show that the national average shadow prices of SO2 and COD showed a substantial upward trend during 2001 and 2015, with the mean value being $2,582.67/ton and $1,639.79/ton, respectively. In most eastern provinces, the shadow prices of both pollutants were relatively higher than those in the central and western regions. For the eastern region, technological change, scale efficiency change, and pure efficiency change that brought about by a variety of measures impacted the social marginal abatement cost of SO2 significantly. For the western region, these three factors significantly impacted the marginal abatement cost of COD. For the central region, a change in scale efficiency brought about by the adjustment of production scale and/or industrial structure significantly impacted the marginal abatement cost of SO2, and the other two factors significantly impacted the marginal abatement cost of COD. The results suggest the importance of establishing a regionally differentiated policy framework, emphasizing on the measures that previously have not impacted the social marginal abatement cost, and setting up better coordination of synergies between multiple pollutants.
Dan Wu; Shuwei Li; Li Liu; Jiyao Lin; Shiqiu Zhang. Dynamics of pollutants’ shadow price and its driving forces: An analysis on China’s two major pollutants at provincial level. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 283, 124625 .
AMA StyleDan Wu, Shuwei Li, Li Liu, Jiyao Lin, Shiqiu Zhang. Dynamics of pollutants’ shadow price and its driving forces: An analysis on China’s two major pollutants at provincial level. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 283 ():124625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Wu; Shuwei Li; Li Liu; Jiyao Lin; Shiqiu Zhang. 2020. "Dynamics of pollutants’ shadow price and its driving forces: An analysis on China’s two major pollutants at provincial level." Journal of Cleaner Production 283, no. : 124625.
This study elicits preferences for clean air in a fast-developing context with increasing regulatory efforts and widespread adoption of self-protection measures against air pollution. We examine whether willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce mortality and morbidity risk depends on the type of illness caused by the pollution. Three major illnesses attributable to air pollution are examined in a choice experiment in Beijing, China. We find robust evidence, testing for both observed and unobserved preference heterogeneity, that WTP does not vary by illness type, and hence, that WTP for policy purposes should not be differentiated based on illness type. We also find that income, education, gender and other factors related with risk vulnerability well predict self-protection, and that respondents who engage more in self-protection have stronger preferences for public interventions. Our results suggest a value of a statistical life (VSL) and value of a statistical illness (VSI) of RMB 5.54 million (USD 1.58 million) and RMB 0.82 million (USD 0.23 million), which are higher than earlier estimates in China. This imply that for societies with strong economic growth and significant pollution, VSL and VSI are likely to increase rapidly, further strengthening the role of policies on pollution control and public health.
Yana Jin; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. Do preferences to reduce health risks related to air pollution depend on illness type? Evidence from a choice experiment in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2020, 103, 102355 .
AMA StyleYana Jin, Henrik Andersson, Shiqiu Zhang. Do preferences to reduce health risks related to air pollution depend on illness type? Evidence from a choice experiment in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2020; 103 ():102355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYana Jin; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. 2020. "Do preferences to reduce health risks related to air pollution depend on illness type? Evidence from a choice experiment in Beijing, China." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 103, no. : 102355.
The broad spectrum of environmental protection technologies and their health effects have increased concern about path dependency and the “lock-in” effect. This study focuses on China’s coal-fired power plants and their air pollution control technologies, due to the challenge of technology deployment in this sector. Our analysis found that there is a dominant technology scheme of air pollution control in the sector. Alternative schemes with better Net Present Value (NPV) exist beyond the dominant scheme, meaning that long-term economic efficiency is lost by implementing the current mainstream scheme. Facing the complexity and uncertainty around air pollution and climate change, this study suggests that single-technology-dominated environmental protection can pose long-term economic efficiency risks. This paper further points out the implications of technology policy improvement: paying attention to the synergy effects of air pollution technologies, the cultivation of technology diversity, the links between pollution control technology and public health objectives, and cost-benefit analysis together with NPV comparison.
Dan Wu; Xunzhou Ma; Shiqiu Zhang; Jiangping Ma. Are more economic efficient solutions ignored by current policy: Cost-benefit and NPV analysis of coal-fired power plant technology schemes in China. Ecological Indicators 2019, 103, 105 -113.
AMA StyleDan Wu, Xunzhou Ma, Shiqiu Zhang, Jiangping Ma. Are more economic efficient solutions ignored by current policy: Cost-benefit and NPV analysis of coal-fired power plant technology schemes in China. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 103 ():105-113.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Wu; Xunzhou Ma; Shiqiu Zhang; Jiangping Ma. 2019. "Are more economic efficient solutions ignored by current policy: Cost-benefit and NPV analysis of coal-fired power plant technology schemes in China." Ecological Indicators 103, no. : 105-113.
A strategy of controlling individual pollutants without considering synergistic effects and ancillary benefit/cost has been followed in the course of air pollution control in China. This policy orientation could lead to divided and costly technology pathways. In this paper, the coal-fired power sector is used as a representative case to investigate the technology schemes and assess their cost effectiveness, so as to provide empirical evidence of technology synergies' impacts on cost-effectiveness and to shed light on the future directions for pollution control strategies. The results indicate that more pollution damage caused by particulate matter and mercury, could be avoided at less cost if the proposed technology schemes can be used more instead of the current mainstream scheme in this sector at the beginning of air pollution regulation. It implies that more detailed evaluation of technology schemes is needed to better control multiple pollutants and alleviate various negative health endpoint effects. The transformation of strategy will rely on a combination of technological developments and policy changes. The lessons learned from coal-fired power sector can contribute to policy-making across sectors within the industry.
Dan Wu; Xunzhou Ma; Shiqiu Zhang. Integrating synergistic effects of air pollution control technologies: More cost-effective approach in the coal-fired sector in China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 199, 1035 -1042.
AMA StyleDan Wu, Xunzhou Ma, Shiqiu Zhang. Integrating synergistic effects of air pollution control technologies: More cost-effective approach in the coal-fired sector in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 199 ():1035-1042.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Wu; Xunzhou Ma; Shiqiu Zhang. 2018. "Integrating synergistic effects of air pollution control technologies: More cost-effective approach in the coal-fired sector in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 199, no. : 1035-1042.
Water is a basic necessity and its allocation and utilization, especially pricing policies, impose various social, economic, and ecological impacts on social groups. Increasing block tariffs (IBTs) has gained popularity because it is expected to incentivize water conservation while protecting poor people benefiting from the redistribution effects because of its nonlinear tariff structure. However, it results in price distortion under certain circumstances. Researchers have also proposed an alternative practical price system and a uniform tariff with rebate (UTR), with the price level set equal to the marginal social cost and a fixed rebate allocated to the poor groups. This study proceeds with a simulation of the two pricing systems, UTR and IBTs, and empirically explores their fundamental merits and limitations. The results confirm the theoretical perspective that a water price system, compared with an optimal tariff system, simultaneously achieves multiple goals to the greatest possible extent.
Xunzhou Ma; Dan Wu; Shiqiu Zhang. Multiple Goals Dilemma of Residential Water Pricing Policy Reform: Increasing Block Tariffs or a Uniform Tariff with Rebate? Sustainability 2018, 10, 3526 .
AMA StyleXunzhou Ma, Dan Wu, Shiqiu Zhang. Multiple Goals Dilemma of Residential Water Pricing Policy Reform: Increasing Block Tariffs or a Uniform Tariff with Rebate? Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3526.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXunzhou Ma; Dan Wu; Shiqiu Zhang. 2018. "Multiple Goals Dilemma of Residential Water Pricing Policy Reform: Increasing Block Tariffs or a Uniform Tariff with Rebate?" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3526.
Fine particulate pollution (PM2.5) is a leading mortality risk factor in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and many Asian countries. Current studies of PM2.5 mortality have been conducted at the national and provincial levels, or at the grid-based micro level, and report only the exposure index or attributable premature deaths. Little is known about the welfare implications of PM2.5 mortality for urban areas. In this study, we estimate the total cost of PM2.5 mortality, the benefit of its reduction achieved through meeting various air quality targets, and the benefit of mortality reduction achieved through a uniform 10 micrograms per cubic meter decrease in PM2.5 concentration in the urban areas of 300 major cities in the PRC. Significant heterogeneity exists in welfare indicators across rich versus poor and clean versus dirty cities. The results indicate that cities in the PRC should accelerate the fine particulate pollution control process and implement more stringent air quality targets to achieve much greater mortality reduction benefits.
Yana Jin; Shiqiu Zhang. An Economic Evaluation of the Health Effects of Reducing Fine Particulate Pollution in Chinese Cities. Asian Development Review 2018, 35, 58 -84.
AMA StyleYana Jin, Shiqiu Zhang. An Economic Evaluation of the Health Effects of Reducing Fine Particulate Pollution in Chinese Cities. Asian Development Review. 2018; 35 (2):58-84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYana Jin; Shiqiu Zhang. 2018. "An Economic Evaluation of the Health Effects of Reducing Fine Particulate Pollution in Chinese Cities." Asian Development Review 35, no. 2: 58-84.
This study reports the results from a discrete choice experiment conducted in Beijing China. It aims to elicit monetary values for the value of a statistical life (VSL) and the value of a statistical illness (VSI) that can be considered for policy purposes in China, and to examine how different payment regimes influence willingness to pay (WTP) and whether WTP is age-dependent. We find that our estimates are robust between different econometric model specifications and that they are reliable when compared to previous Chinese findings. We find no evidence of any VSL–age relationship but we find that the payment scheme had an effect on the levels of the estimates of the VSL and VSI, and that taking into account the payment regimes when estimating the models improved their performance. However, levels were relatively close and not statistically significantly different for VSL which may suggest that respondents considered both schemes as similar.
Desheng Huang; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. Willingness to pay to reduce health risks related to air quality: evidence from a choice experiment survey in Beijing. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 2017, 61, 2207 -2229.
AMA StyleDesheng Huang, Henrik Andersson, Shiqiu Zhang. Willingness to pay to reduce health risks related to air quality: evidence from a choice experiment survey in Beijing. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 2017; 61 (12):2207-2229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDesheng Huang; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. 2017. "Willingness to pay to reduce health risks related to air quality: evidence from a choice experiment survey in Beijing." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 61, no. 12: 2207-2229.
China’s Cap on Coal Consumption (CCC) Policy serves as a key strategy to address the serious air pollution in China, and it helps to address coal’s climate, environment and health damages. Current implementation of it focuses on substituting coal used in power plants and boilers with natural gas, whereas phasing out household coal use is less emphasized. This study estimates the benefits and costs of interventions for phasing out coal used in power plants and in households in Beijing. The results suggest that the phasing out of household coal use can result in net social benefits. However, coal-to-gas projects for power plants actually bring net social losses, a result largely attributable to the relative high price of natural gas in China. In addition to the actual policy evaluations of phasing out coal, this study outlines how to conduct economic analysis of air pollution policies in China taking into account uncertainty and correlations of key parameters. With the importance at a national and global level to reduce the negative effects of coal consumption, together with the trend of scaling up coal reduction interventions in China from local pioneers to the national level, this study provides implications on how to achieve more socially beneficial results for such interventions.
Yana Jin; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. China’s Cap on Coal and the Efficiency of Local Interventions: A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Phasing out Coal in Power Plants and in Households in Beijing. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 2017, 8, 147 -186.
AMA StyleYana Jin, Henrik Andersson, Shiqiu Zhang. China’s Cap on Coal and the Efficiency of Local Interventions: A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Phasing out Coal in Power Plants and in Households in Beijing. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. 2017; 8 (2):147-186.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYana Jin; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. 2017. "China’s Cap on Coal and the Efficiency of Local Interventions: A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Phasing out Coal in Power Plants and in Households in Beijing." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 8, no. 2: 147-186.
With China’s significant role on pollution emissions and related health damage, deep and up-to-date understanding of China’s air pollution policies is of worldwide relevance. Based on scientific evidence for the evolution of air pollution and the institutional background of environmental governance in China, we examine the development of air pollution control policies from the 1980s and onwards. We show that: (1) The early policies, until 2005, were ineffective at reducing emissions; (2) During 2006–2012, new instruments which interact with political incentives were introduced in the 11th Five-Year Plan, and the national goal of reducing total sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 10% was achieved. However, regional compound air pollution problems dominated by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground level ozone (O3) emerged and worsened; (3) After the winter-long PM2.5 episode in eastern China in 2013, air pollution control policies have been experiencing significant changes on multiple fronts. In this work we analyze the different policy changes, the drivers of changes and key factors influencing the effectiveness of policies in these three stages. Lessons derived from the policy evolution have implications for future studies, as well as further reforming the management scheme towards air quality and health risk oriented directions.
Yana Jin; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016, 13, 1219 .
AMA StyleYana Jin, Henrik Andersson, Shiqiu Zhang. Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13 (12):1219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYana Jin; Henrik Andersson; Shiqiu Zhang. 2016. "Air Pollution Control Policies in China: A Retrospective and Prospects." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 12: 1219.
By following an empirical approach, this study proves that joint regional air pollution control (JRAPC) in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region will save the expense on air pollution control compared with a locally-based pollution control strategy. The evidences below were found. (A) Local pollutant concentration in some of the cities is significantly affected by emissions from their surrounding areas. (B) There is heterogeneity in the marginal pollutant concentration reduction cost among various districts as a result of the cities' varying contribution of unit emission reduction to the pollutant concentration reduction, and their diverse unit cost of emission reduction brought about by their different industry composition. The results imply that the cost-efficiency of air pollution control will be improved in China if the conventional locally based regime of air pollution control can shift to a regionally based one.
Dan Wu; Yuan Xu; Shiqiu Zhang. Will joint regional air pollution control be more cost-effective? An empirical study of China's Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Journal of Environmental Management 2015, 149, 27 -36.
AMA StyleDan Wu, Yuan Xu, Shiqiu Zhang. Will joint regional air pollution control be more cost-effective? An empirical study of China's Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Journal of Environmental Management. 2015; 149 ():27-36.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Wu; Yuan Xu; Shiqiu Zhang. 2015. "Will joint regional air pollution control be more cost-effective? An empirical study of China's Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region." Journal of Environmental Management 149, no. : 27-36.
Economic theory generally assumes that consumers respond to marginal price, which is the price of the last unit of goods consumed, when making economic decisions. However, this assumption may not hold for goods with multi-block rate schedules. This paper explores the effects of water price information on residents’ behaviors under increasing block tariffs. The empirical evidence from the study suggests the middle-income groups respond to average price, which is based on the price level given by total fees divided by total consumption. This evidence supports the hypothesis that the incremental block tariffs are actually treated the same as uniform pricing for the middle-income group, while the highest income group is not sensitive to price changes. On the contrary, residents of the two lowest income groups respond to marginal price and probably go further to compare prices of different blocks and set consumption at kink points of price schedules to achieve maximal welfare. This study also finds that a higher second block price promotes consumption at kink points, and increased payments in first block consumption lead to less incentive to induce discrete choice behavior.
Xunzhou Ma; Shiqiu Zhang; Quan Mu. How Do Residents Respond to Price under Increasing Block Tariffs? Evidence from Experiments in Urban Residential Water Demand in Beijing. Water Resources Management 2014, 28, 4895 -4909.
AMA StyleXunzhou Ma, Shiqiu Zhang, Quan Mu. How Do Residents Respond to Price under Increasing Block Tariffs? Evidence from Experiments in Urban Residential Water Demand in Beijing. Water Resources Management. 2014; 28 (14):4895-4909.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXunzhou Ma; Shiqiu Zhang; Quan Mu. 2014. "How Do Residents Respond to Price under Increasing Block Tariffs? Evidence from Experiments in Urban Residential Water Demand in Beijing." Water Resources Management 28, no. 14: 4895-4909.
Based on the monthly micro-level data of Beijing urban households from 2002 to 2009, we estimate the price and income elasticities of residential electricity demand among income groups with both the almost-ideal-demand-system (AIDS) and the linear double-logarithmic (LDL) model specifications. The estimated price elasticity is close to unit elasticity and increases as income grows, and income elasticity is low and positive and approximates to zero as income increases. Thus, we conclude that it might be effective by using pricing policies for demand-side management to adjust the electricity consumption of high-income groups, while increasing price will severely hit low-income groups. In addition, low-income groups will consume more electricity if their income increases. This suggests that while tariff reform is necessary, supporting policies are needed. In this regard, either directly subsidizing low-income families or rationally setting the price levels of different tariff blocks can be helpful.
Yana Jin; Shiqiu Zhang. Elasticity Estimates of Urban Resident Demand for Electricity: A Case Study in Beijing. Energy & Environment 2013, 24, 1229 -1248.
AMA StyleYana Jin, Shiqiu Zhang. Elasticity Estimates of Urban Resident Demand for Electricity: A Case Study in Beijing. Energy & Environment. 2013; 24 (7-8):1229-1248.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYana Jin; Shiqiu Zhang. 2013. "Elasticity Estimates of Urban Resident Demand for Electricity: A Case Study in Beijing." Energy & Environment 24, no. 7-8: 1229-1248.
Pauline Grosjean; Andreas Kontoleon; Shiqiu Zhang; Jeff Bennett; Ekin Birol. Assessing the Sustainability of the Sloping Land Conversion Programme: A Choice Experiment Approach. Choice Experiments in Developing Countries 2013, 1 .
AMA StylePauline Grosjean, Andreas Kontoleon, Shiqiu Zhang, Jeff Bennett, Ekin Birol. Assessing the Sustainability of the Sloping Land Conversion Programme: A Choice Experiment Approach. Choice Experiments in Developing Countries. 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StylePauline Grosjean; Andreas Kontoleon; Shiqiu Zhang; Jeff Bennett; Ekin Birol. 2013. "Assessing the Sustainability of the Sloping Land Conversion Programme: A Choice Experiment Approach." Choice Experiments in Developing Countries , no. : 1.
The ultimate objective of abating air pollution is to protect the health and welfare of the public, while in the past, health and welfare are seldom used as the direct policy target. Often, emissions or concentrations are used as the direct target. In this paper, we put heavy weight on the justification of using a risk-based approach to address air pollution problems, and use a case study to demonstrate its technical feasibility in a Chinese setting. In the case, we study the health risks associated with SO2 emissions from the different sectors in Beijing and its surrounding areas (the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region), to inform control responsibility assignment and control option design. The emission inventory was classified by sectors according to Chinese Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities. The Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system is used to simulate the fate and transport of SO2 in the study region. Intake fraction, which is defined as the incremental intake per unit of pollutant released from a source or a category of sources, is borrowed to indicate the marginal risk posed by SO2 from the major sectors. The results show that the intake fraction avoided per unit of SO2 emissions abated from the four major sectors (power sector, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, and chemical industry) varies greatly, which implies that using a risk-based approach has the potential to help improve the efficiency in resource utilization for assigning pollutant control responsibilities and prioritizing pollutant control options.
Jianhua Xu; Xuesong Wang; Shiqiu Zhang. Risk-based air pollutants management at regional levels. Environmental Science & Policy 2012, 25, 167 -175.
AMA StyleJianhua Xu, Xuesong Wang, Shiqiu Zhang. Risk-based air pollutants management at regional levels. Environmental Science & Policy. 2012; 25 ():167-175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianhua Xu; Xuesong Wang; Shiqiu Zhang. 2012. "Risk-based air pollutants management at regional levels." Environmental Science & Policy 25, no. : 167-175.
Ground level ozone pollution has become a significant air pollution problem in Beijing. Because of the complex way in which ozone is formed, it is difficult for policy makers to identify optimal control options on a cost-effective basis. This paper identifies and assesses a range of options for addressing this problem. We apply the Ambient Least Cost Model and compare the economic costs of control options, then recommend the most effective sequence to realize pollution control at the lowest cost. The study finds that installing of Stage II gasoline vapor recovery system at Beijing’s 1446 gasoline stations would be the most cost-effective option. Overall, options to reduce ozone pollution by cutting vehicular emissions are much more cost-effective than options to “clean up” coal-fired power plants.
Xie Xuxuan; Zhang Shiqiu; Xu Jianhua; Wu Dan; Zhu Tong. Cost-Effective Control of Ground-Level Ozone Pollution in and around Beijing. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 2012, 10, 101 -109.
AMA StyleXie Xuxuan, Zhang Shiqiu, Xu Jianhua, Wu Dan, Zhu Tong. Cost-Effective Control of Ground-Level Ozone Pollution in and around Beijing. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 2012; 10 (2):101-109.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie Xuxuan; Zhang Shiqiu; Xu Jianhua; Wu Dan; Zhu Tong. 2012. "Cost-Effective Control of Ground-Level Ozone Pollution in and around Beijing." Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 10, no. 2: 101-109.
This study aims to identify the least-cost strategy for controlling the emission of mercury from coal-fired electricity generation plants in China, which helps to provide technical guidance to firms and decision making basis for designing mercury control strategy and policy for the government. Based on the analysis and evaluation of technical and economic features of the available technologies/alternatives, this study develops a Cost -Effectiveness Oriented Model (CEOM) at enterprises level. A least cost solution for each type of plants is estimated. Further, sector-level mercury abatement cost is estimated by grouping the plants by size and existing technologies, giving concern of the possible policy scenarios which based on proportional allocation of the emission control targets and based on the marginal abatement cost allocation, as well as the existing SO2 control policies. It concludes that by combining the pretreatment technology, particulates removing technology, and SO2 control technology, as well as the NOx control technologies, China can control over 90% of emission. At least 12% of the mercury can be removed by strictly enforcing the Two Control Zone's policy, and the co-benefit is significant by introducing multiple pollutants control. A sets of policy recommendation is concluded, that China should enforce SO2 control policy more effectively, the multiple pollution control strategy should be developed, and a emission trading scheme can provide plant flexibility to compliance and can generate cost saving.
Dan Wu; Shiqiu Zhang; Tong Zhu. Controlling Mercury Emission for China's Coal Fired Electricity Plants: an Economic Analysis. Energy Procedia 2011, 5, 1439 -1454.
AMA StyleDan Wu, Shiqiu Zhang, Tong Zhu. Controlling Mercury Emission for China's Coal Fired Electricity Plants: an Economic Analysis. Energy Procedia. 2011; 5 ():1439-1454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Wu; Shiqiu Zhang; Tong Zhu. 2011. "Controlling Mercury Emission for China's Coal Fired Electricity Plants: an Economic Analysis." Energy Procedia 5, no. : 1439-1454.
Katrina Mullan; Andreas Kontoleon; Tim Swanson; Shiqiu Zhang. When should households be compensated for land-use restrictions? A decision-making framework for Chinese forest policy. Land Use Policy 2011, 28, 402 -412.
AMA StyleKatrina Mullan, Andreas Kontoleon, Tim Swanson, Shiqiu Zhang. When should households be compensated for land-use restrictions? A decision-making framework for Chinese forest policy. Land Use Policy. 2011; 28 (2):402-412.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatrina Mullan; Andreas Kontoleon; Tim Swanson; Shiqiu Zhang. 2011. "When should households be compensated for land-use restrictions? A decision-making framework for Chinese forest policy." Land Use Policy 28, no. 2: 402-412.
In light of the practical need for research to inform policy in Beijing, this study evaluates the economic cost of the impact of PM10 pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006, taking health as the main impact, and mortality as the main outcome. Based on the literature review, this study adopts relatively conservative parameters as the basis for calculating the health impacts. It concludes that nearly 30% of mortality among registered residents above age 30 in Beijing can be attributed to PM10 pollution, and that the economic cost equals 0.8%–1.2% of the city’s GDP over the same period. This is lower than the results of previous studies, but still high enough to warrant a commitment to solve the city’s air pollution problem.
Zou Wenbo; Zhang Shiqiu. Economic Valuation of Health Impact of PM10Pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 2010, 8, 68 -74.
AMA StyleZou Wenbo, Zhang Shiqiu. Economic Valuation of Health Impact of PM10Pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 2010; 8 (2):68-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou Wenbo; Zhang Shiqiu. 2010. "Economic Valuation of Health Impact of PM10Pollution in Beijing from 2001 to 2006." Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 8, no. 2: 68-74.
In order to understand the short-term response of private car owners to changes in the price of oil, a survey was conducted in Beijing after the gasoline price in China rose in June 2008. It showed that private car drivers in Beijing reduced their trips in the one month period following the price adjustment. Certain trip characteristics and drivers’ demographics significantly influenced price elasticity in the short term, including the purpose of the trip, the distance covered and the income of the car driver.
Yi Ru; Zhang Shiqiu. Effect of Increase in Price of Oil on Behavior of Private Car Owners in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 2010, 8, 55 -61.
AMA StyleYi Ru, Zhang Shiqiu. Effect of Increase in Price of Oil on Behavior of Private Car Owners in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 2010; 8 (1):55-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYi Ru; Zhang Shiqiu. 2010. "Effect of Increase in Price of Oil on Behavior of Private Car Owners in Beijing." Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 8, no. 1: 55-61.
In this chapter, we estimate the impact on local household livelihoods of the Natural Forest Protection Programme (NFPP), which is the largest logging ban programme in the world, and aims to protect watersheds and conserve natural forests. In doing so we use a series of micro-econometric techniques for policy evaluation to assess the impacts of the NFPP on two interrelated facets of household livelihoods, namely income and off farm labour supply. We find that the NFPP has had a negative impact on incomes from timber harvesting but has actually had a positive impact on total household incomes from all sources. Further, we find that off farm labour supply has increased more rapidly in NFPP areas than non-NFPP areas. This result is strongest for employment outside the village. On the basis of these results, policy implications for household livelihoods are drawn.
Katrina Mullan; Andreas Kontoleon; Tim Swanson; Shiqiu Zhang. An Evaluation of the Impact of the Natural Forest Protection Programme on Rural Household Livelihoods. An Integrated Assessment of China¿s Ecological Restoration Programs 2009, 175 -199.
AMA StyleKatrina Mullan, Andreas Kontoleon, Tim Swanson, Shiqiu Zhang. An Evaluation of the Impact of the Natural Forest Protection Programme on Rural Household Livelihoods. An Integrated Assessment of China¿s Ecological Restoration Programs. 2009; ():175-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatrina Mullan; Andreas Kontoleon; Tim Swanson; Shiqiu Zhang. 2009. "An Evaluation of the Impact of the Natural Forest Protection Programme on Rural Household Livelihoods." An Integrated Assessment of China¿s Ecological Restoration Programs , no. : 175-199.