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Incorporating scientific knowledge of climate into urban planning is a major challenge for the healthy growth of a city. This chapter presents a proposal for planning local climate action based on urban climatic maps (UCMaps). The UCMaps are an accessible and easy support tool for planners, architects, and local government to make the right decision in the planning process. Based on the UCMaps, we recommend a set of climatic guidelines to combat the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island in a city located on the northeast coast of Brazil. These maps identify the key climate areas in terms of UHI behaviour and excess heat stress based on climatopoes, which are areas of “special local climates” or “potential climate response” influenced by the urban morphology, land use and ventilation conditions. The relationship between UCMaps and Master Plan is also presented. With the UCMap, urban policymakers have various urbanistic interventions, measures, and strategies available to combat the adverse effects of the UHI and preserve the climate-related ecosystem services.
Max Anjos; António Lopes; Elis Alves; Ezequiel Correia; Francisco Mendonça. Assessment of Climatic Guidelines and Urban Planning in North-Eastern Coast of Brazil. Practices in Regional Science and Sustainable Regional Development 2021, 199 -220.
AMA StyleMax Anjos, António Lopes, Elis Alves, Ezequiel Correia, Francisco Mendonça. Assessment of Climatic Guidelines and Urban Planning in North-Eastern Coast of Brazil. Practices in Regional Science and Sustainable Regional Development. 2021; ():199-220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMax Anjos; António Lopes; Elis Alves; Ezequiel Correia; Francisco Mendonça. 2021. "Assessment of Climatic Guidelines and Urban Planning in North-Eastern Coast of Brazil." Practices in Regional Science and Sustainable Regional Development , no. : 199-220.
Air temperature is a key aspect of urban environmental health, especially considering population and climate change prospects. While the urban heat island (UHI) effect may aggravate thermal exposure, city-level UHI regression studies are generally restricted to temporal-aggregated intensities (e.g., seasonal), as a function of time-fixed factors (e.g., urban density). Hence, such approaches do not disclose daily urban-rural air temperature changes, such as during heatwaves (HW). Here, summer data from Lisbon's air temperature urban network (June to September 2005–2014), is used to develop a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) to predict the daily median and maximum Urban Thermal Signal (UTS) intensities, as a response to the interactions between the time-varying background weather variables (i.e., the regional/non-urban air temperature, 2-hours air temperature change, and wind speed), and time-fixed urban and geographic factors (local climate zones and directional topographic exposure). Results show that, in Lisbon, greatest temperatures and UTS intensities are found in ‘Compact’ areas of the city are proportional to the background air temperature change. In leeward locations, the UTS can be enhanced by the topographic shelter effect, depending on wind speed – i.e., as wind speed augments, the UTS intensity increases in leeward sites, even where sparsely built. The UTS response to a future urban densification scenario, considering climate change HW conditions (RCP8.5, 2081–2100 period), was also assessed, its results showing an UTS increase of circa 1.0 °C, in critical areas of the city, despite their upwind location. This LMM empirical approach provides a straightforward tool for local authorities to: (i) identify the short-term critical areas of the city, to prioritise public health measures, especially during HW events; and (ii) test the urban thermal performance, in response to climate change and urban planning scenarios. While the model coefficient estimates are case-specific, the approach can be efficiently replicated in other locations with similar biogeographic conditions.
Ana Oliveira; António Lopes; Ezequiel Correia; Samuel Niza; Amílcar Soares. An urban climate-based empirical model to predict present and future patterns of the Urban Thermal Signal. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 790, 147710 .
AMA StyleAna Oliveira, António Lopes, Ezequiel Correia, Samuel Niza, Amílcar Soares. An urban climate-based empirical model to predict present and future patterns of the Urban Thermal Signal. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 790 ():147710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Oliveira; António Lopes; Ezequiel Correia; Samuel Niza; Amílcar Soares. 2021. "An urban climate-based empirical model to predict present and future patterns of the Urban Thermal Signal." Science of The Total Environment 790, no. : 147710.
Lisbon is a European Mediterranean city, greatly exposed to heatwaves (HW), according to recent trends and climate change prospects. Considering the Atlantic influence, air temperature observations from Lisbon’s mesoscale network are used to investigate the interactions between background weather and the urban thermal signal (UTS) in summer. Days are classified according to the prevailing regional wind direction, and hourly UTS is compared between HW and non-HW conditions. Northern-wind days predominate, revealing greater maximum air temperatures (up to 40 °C) and greater thermal amplitudes (approximately 10 °C), and account for 37 out of 49 HW days; southern-wind days have milder temperatures, and no HWs occur. Results show that the wind direction groups are significantly different. While southern-wind days have minor UTS variations, northern-wind days have a consistent UTS daily cycle: a diurnal urban cooling island (UCI) (often lower than –1.0 °C), a late afternoon peak urban heat island (UHI) (occasionally surpassing 4.0 °C), and a stable nocturnal UHI (1.5 °C median intensity). UHI/UCI intensities are not significantly different between HW and non-HW conditions, although the synoptic influence is noted. Results indicate that, in Lisbon, the UHI intensity does not increase during HW events, although it is significantly affected by wind. As such, local climate change adaptation strategies must be based on scenarios that account for the synergies between potential changes in regional air temperature and wind.
Ana Oliveira; António Lopes; Ezequiel Correia; Samuel Niza; Amílcar Soares. Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 292 .
AMA StyleAna Oliveira, António Lopes, Ezequiel Correia, Samuel Niza, Amílcar Soares. Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (3):292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Oliveira; António Lopes; Ezequiel Correia; Samuel Niza; Amílcar Soares. 2021. "Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal." Atmosphere 12, no. 3: 292.
The excessively warm weather, especially in cities, can lead to several adverse impacts, including heat-related mortality, becoming an increasingly important public health issue. Previous studies on heat-related mortality have assessed risk factors at the municipal scale, missing the intra-urban variability in heat risk and vulnerability. The knowledge of the spatial intra-variability can help to design spatially targeted measures to better protect citizens' health. Through hot spot analysis, we identified the neighbourhood-scale spatial pattern of heat-related cardiorespiratory mortality in the elderly, during the yearly warmest five months of a three years period. Potential associations between spatial variability in heat-related mortality and several independent factors in each neighbourhood were investigated and their predictions. Two approaches were adopted: one is eminently statistical, using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and another using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). This new recent regression technique is increasing in international attention on spatial modelling. The spatial model explains about 60% of the spatial variations in elderly’s heat-related cardiorespiratory mortality. The two-analyses produced an overlapping set of predictor variables, with emphasis on the elderly, vegetation cover and employment. The results also show that the areas where heat-related mortality is high, are also the areas where the number of deaths is higher than expected. These neighbourhoods should be considered as the most vulnerable to heat-related mortality. We concluded that studying human health outcomes at neighbourhood-scale is relevant for public health heat-related plans. Essential suggestions are provided to decision-making support and city planners designing strategies to reduce heat-related mortality.
Liliane Morais; António Lopes; Paulo Nogueira. Human health outcomes at the neighbourhood scale implications: Elderly's heat-related cardiorespiratory mortality and its influencing factors. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 760, 144036 .
AMA StyleLiliane Morais, António Lopes, Paulo Nogueira. Human health outcomes at the neighbourhood scale implications: Elderly's heat-related cardiorespiratory mortality and its influencing factors. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 760 ():144036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiliane Morais; António Lopes; Paulo Nogueira. 2020. "Human health outcomes at the neighbourhood scale implications: Elderly's heat-related cardiorespiratory mortality and its influencing factors." Science of The Total Environment 760, no. : 144036.
Local Climate Zones (LCZ) have become a worldwide standard to identify land cover classes according to their climate-relevant morphological parameters. The LCZ's are mostly used to evaluate urban climate performance, particularly the relationship between the urban heat island effect (UHI) and the characteristics of the built-up environment. The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) has provided a supervised LCZ classification method based only on moderate resolution free satellite imagery, mostly Landsat 7 or 8 (30m pixel size, in the visible spectrum brands); however, its’ results are less accurate for European cities. Conversely, alternative geographic information system (GIS)-based methods developed so far require information that is hardly available to all, such as building footprints or heights. Here, the ArcGIS based LCZ from Copernicus Toolbox (LCZC) provides an alternative classification method that uses only freely accessible information from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS), being possible to replicate it in 800 European urban locations. The method combines Urban Atlas (UA) and Corine Land Cover (CLC) with Tree Cover Density, Dominant Leaf Type and Grassland information, to produce a higher-resolution baseline shapefile that is classified according to each feature's dominant characteristics. The LCZC toolbox output is a LCZ raster map. It has been validated in five European cities: Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, Marseille, and Naples.
Ana Oliveira; António Lopes; Samuel Niza. Local climate zones classification method from Copernicus land monitoring service datasets: An ArcGIS-based toolbox. MethodsX 2020, 7, 101150 .
AMA StyleAna Oliveira, António Lopes, Samuel Niza. Local climate zones classification method from Copernicus land monitoring service datasets: An ArcGIS-based toolbox. MethodsX. 2020; 7 ():101150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Oliveira; António Lopes; Samuel Niza. 2020. "Local climate zones classification method from Copernicus land monitoring service datasets: An ArcGIS-based toolbox." MethodsX 7, no. : 101150.
The relevance of air pollution in the public health agenda has recently been reinforced—it is known that exposure to it has negative effects in the health of individuals, especially in big cities and metropolitan areas. In this article we observed the evolution of air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, O3, PM10) emissions and we confront them with health vulnerabilities related to respiratory and circulatory diseases (all circulatory diseases, cardiac diseases, cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, all respiratory diseases, chronic lower respiratory diseases, acute upper respiratory infections). The study is supported in two databases, one of air pollutants and the other of emergency hospital admissions, in the 2005–2015 period, applied to the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The analysis was conducted through Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, while also using semi-elasticity to quantify associations. Results showed positive associations between air pollutants and admissions, tendentially higher in respiratory diseases, with CO and O3 having the highest number of associations, and the senior age group being the most impacted. We concluded that O3 is a good predictor for the under-15 age group and PM10 for the over-64 age group; also, there seems to exist a distinction between the urban city core and its suburban areas in air pollution and its relation to emergency hospital admissions.
Pedro Franco; Cristina Gordo; Eduarda Marques Da Costa; António Lopes. Air Pollution and Emergency Hospital Admissions—Evidences from Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7997 .
AMA StylePedro Franco, Cristina Gordo, Eduarda Marques Da Costa, António Lopes. Air Pollution and Emergency Hospital Admissions—Evidences from Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (22):7997.
Chicago/Turabian StylePedro Franco; Cristina Gordo; Eduarda Marques Da Costa; António Lopes. 2020. "Air Pollution and Emergency Hospital Admissions—Evidences from Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22: 7997.
To prevent the risk associated with heat-related health, several countries and institutions have built heat-health warning systems (HHWS). An HHWS is designed to alert the general public and decision-makers about the danger of high temperature by triggering a series of actions that avoid adverse health outcomes. The comparison of the various HHWS is complicated because there is no universal quantitative definition to predict and define a heatwave. The slightest variability at the threshold of definition the heatwave can trigger considerable differences in the action plan, health service demand and the time the population at risk must prepare. The choice of the index influences the number of days of heatwaves and its characteristics, such as severity. Estimating the risk of mortality associated with heatwave is variable according to the indexes, and the selection of the threshold is essential to prevent the burdens of heat on public health. The aim is the comparison between two metrics to know, which has higher predictive power to prevent health risks related to heat. On the one hand, a new way of defining heatwaves that have generated high consensus worldwide - the Excess Heat Factor (EHF); on the other hand, the Generalized Accumulated Thermal Overload (GATO IV) – an opportunity to improve the existing Lisbon heatwaves surveillance system. Daily mortalities and air temperatures from 1980 to 2016 in Lisbon with both indexes are modelled using Generalized Linear Models, with the calculation of the predictive power of the models using ROC curves for two levels of mortality severity. It is concluded that for total mortality, both indexes were statistically significant. Though, for daily mortality in individuals with 65 years or older with all diseases of the circulatory and respiratory system, when considering both indexes together, GATO IV was the only index significantly predicting the impact of heatwaves on mortality. GATO IV metric seems to have the best statistical properties. Nevertheless, EHF also stands out as a good indicator to predict heat-related mortality in Lisbon.
Liliane Morais; António Lopes; Paulo Nogueira. Which heatwave measure has higher predictive power to prevent health risks related to heat: EHF or GATO IV? – Evidence from modelling Lisbon Mortality data from 1980 to 2016. Weather and Climate Extremes 2020, 30, 100287 .
AMA StyleLiliane Morais, António Lopes, Paulo Nogueira. Which heatwave measure has higher predictive power to prevent health risks related to heat: EHF or GATO IV? – Evidence from modelling Lisbon Mortality data from 1980 to 2016. Weather and Climate Extremes. 2020; 30 ():100287.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiliane Morais; António Lopes; Paulo Nogueira. 2020. "Which heatwave measure has higher predictive power to prevent health risks related to heat: EHF or GATO IV? – Evidence from modelling Lisbon Mortality data from 1980 to 2016." Weather and Climate Extremes 30, no. : 100287.
Characterizing the behaviour of the sea breeze phenomenon is the foremost factor in the reduction in the heat stress and the achievement of the pleasant environment in coastal cities globally. However, this seminal study shows that the Sea Breeze Front (SBF) development can be related to an increase in outdoor thermal discomfort in a northeastern Brazilian city during summer. We explored the relationship between SBF and thermal comfort conditions using in situ meteorological observations, the SBF identification method, local climate zones (LCZs) classification, and the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) thermal comfort index. SBF days and Non-SBF days were characterized in terms of weather conditions, combining meteorological data and technical bulletins. SBF days included hot and sunny days associated with the centre of the Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortices (UTCV). In contrast, Non-SBF days were observed in UTCV’s periphery because of cloudy sky and rainfall. The results showed that the mean temperature and PET in the SBF days were 2.0 °C and 3.8 °C higher, respectively, compared to Non-SBF days in all LCZ sites. The highest PET, of 40.0 °C, was found on SBF days. Our findings suggest that SBF development could be an aggravating factor for increasing heat stress of the people living in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian city, after SBF passage.
Max Anjos; António Lopes; Andrews Lucena; Francisco Mendonça. Sea Breeze Front and Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Summer in Northeastern Brazil. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1013 .
AMA StyleMax Anjos, António Lopes, Andrews Lucena, Francisco Mendonça. Sea Breeze Front and Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Summer in Northeastern Brazil. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (9):1013.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMax Anjos; António Lopes; Andrews Lucena; Francisco Mendonça. 2020. "Sea Breeze Front and Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Summer in Northeastern Brazil." Atmosphere 11, no. 9: 1013.
Urbanized hot spots incorporate a great diversity of microclimates dependent, among other factors, on local meteorological conditions. Until today, detailed analysis of the combination of climatic variables at local scale are very scarce in urban areas. Thus, there is an urgent need to produce a Local Weather Type (LWT) classification that allows to exhaustively distinguish different urban thermal patterns. In this study, hourly data from air temperature, wind speed and direction, accumulated precipitation, cloud cover and specific humidity (2009–2018) were integrated in a cluster analysis (K-means) in order to produce a LWT classification for Lisbon’s urban area. This dataset was divided by daytime and nighttime and thermal periods, which were generated considering the annual cycle of air temperatures. Therefore, eight LWT sets were generated. Results show that N and NW LWT are quite frequent throughout the year, with a moderate speed (daily average of 4–6 m/s). In contrast, the frequency of rainy LWT is considerably lower, especially in summer (below 10%). Moreover, during this season the moisture content of the air masses is higher, particularly at night. This methodology will allow deepening the knowledge about the multiple Urban Heat Island (UHI) patterns in Lisbon.
Cláudia Reis; António Lopes; Ezequiel Correia; Marcelo Fragoso. Local Weather Types by Thermal Periods: Deepening the Knowledge about Lisbon’s Urban Climate. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 840 .
AMA StyleCláudia Reis, António Lopes, Ezequiel Correia, Marcelo Fragoso. Local Weather Types by Thermal Periods: Deepening the Knowledge about Lisbon’s Urban Climate. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (8):840.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCláudia Reis; António Lopes; Ezequiel Correia; Marcelo Fragoso. 2020. "Local Weather Types by Thermal Periods: Deepening the Knowledge about Lisbon’s Urban Climate." Atmosphere 11, no. 8: 840.
While climate change projections for the Mediterranean region indicate an increased exposure to heatwaves (HW), such prospects are particularly challenging in urban areas, where thermal stress can be exacerbated by the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. In that regard, understanding spatial patterns of thermal performance is of the utmost importance, in order to address corresponding adaptation measures. Local Climate Zones (LCZ) have become the standard typification of Land Cover/Land Use classes, according to their climatic response. However, the corresponding satellite-based classification method from the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) presents accuracy issues when applied to European cities. Several studies have provided alternative LCZ methodologies, but these usually require data which is not often readily available (e.g. high-resolution digital surface models), therefore rendereing them hard to replicate. This study addresses this issue by developing an alternative geographic information system (GIS)-based method, and the corresponding toolbox, to translate Copernicus datasets into LCZ maps: Urban Atlas and Corine Land Cover shapefiles are used as the baseline dataset for the reclassification. The method was proven to be accurate in the five cities used in the case study - Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, Marseille, and Naples - 81% overall accuracy, and 0.79 Kappa coefficient, on average. Results reveal the presence of a diurnal surface UHI, with lower land surface temperatures (LST) found in tree covered areas. However, similar LST found in the other LCZ classes (e.g. between compact and sparsely built-up areas) indicates that diurnal patterns of the urban energy balance components must be considered to better characterise the UHI of these cities.
Ana Oliveira; António Lopes; Samuel Niza. Local climate zones in five southern European cities: An improved GIS-based classification method based on Copernicus data. Urban Climate 2020, 33, 100631 .
AMA StyleAna Oliveira, António Lopes, Samuel Niza. Local climate zones in five southern European cities: An improved GIS-based classification method based on Copernicus data. Urban Climate. 2020; 33 ():100631.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Oliveira; António Lopes; Samuel Niza. 2020. "Local climate zones in five southern European cities: An improved GIS-based classification method based on Copernicus data." Urban Climate 33, no. : 100631.
Here, we provide Local Climate Zones (LCZ) map datasets from five Southern European Mediterranean cities: Athens (Greece), Barcelona (Spain), Lisbon (Portugal), Marseille (France) and Naples (Italy). The maps were produced according to a geographic information system (GIS)-based classification method, using freely available Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) input data. Several maps are provided: (i) five LCZv1 maps (one per city) depicting urban LCZ's aggregated by density (no building height information); (ii) five LCZv1_leaf maps (one per city), identical to the previously mentioned ones, with tree cover LCZ classes A and B reclassification according to the Dominant Leaf Type (DLT) (deciduous or coniferous); (iii) two LCZv1_BH maps (Athens and Lisbon) distinguishing urban LCZ classes 123 and 456 according to the dominant building height (BH); and (iv) two LCZv1_leaf_BH maps (Athens and Lisbon) identical to the previous ones with added DLT-based land cover classification. The LCZ classification maps are available in both ArcGIS .lyr layer and GeoTIFF raster formats (Appendix 1 and 2), with a spatial resolution of 50×50m pixels, and are suitable to urban climate-related studies, particularly at the metropolitan and city scales of analysis. The data here provided is related to the article entitled «Local Climate Zones in five Southern European cities: an improved GIS-based classification method based on free data from the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service» [1], and the corresponding method/ArcGIS based custom Toolbox is freely available in «Local Climate Zones classification from Copernicus Land Monitoring Service datasets: an ArcGIS-based Toolbox» [2].
Ana Oliveira; António Lopes; Samuel Niza. Local climate zones datasets from five Southern European cities: Copernicus based classification maps of Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, Marseille and Naples. Data in Brief 2020, 31, 105802 .
AMA StyleAna Oliveira, António Lopes, Samuel Niza. Local climate zones datasets from five Southern European cities: Copernicus based classification maps of Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, Marseille and Naples. Data in Brief. 2020; 31 ():105802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Oliveira; António Lopes; Samuel Niza. 2020. "Local climate zones datasets from five Southern European cities: Copernicus based classification maps of Athens, Barcelona, Lisbon, Marseille and Naples." Data in Brief 31, no. : 105802.
Urban climate results from the modifications caused by the characteristics of cities, which modifies the regional climatic conditions of a city. When urban areas are warmer than the surrounding areas, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon occurs. Being a major phenomenon and a global topic of interest for all affected cities, there are already numerous studies that address this subject. However, most studies are only focused on the macro and mesoscales. This study looks at the micrometeorological scale in a neighborhood of Lisbon (Telheiras). Having as a main objective to evaluate how the radiation balance of urban materials influences air temperature in an urban canyon, thermal images of different urban materials were obtained using infrared thermography, a technique that allowed understanding how the temperatures registered in the facades and other urban surfaces can affect the air temperature of the urban canyon. The components of the radiation budget were obtained by using a pyranometer and a pyrgeometer. Moreover, a microclimatic network to monitor air temperature and relative humidity was installed in the study area. The results show that, when the streets are less exposed to the prevailing wind direction in Lisbon (north and northwest), air temperatures are slightly higher than those found in opposite conditions. Both the temperature and the radiative balance of the facades and other surfaces (asphalt, light Portuguese sidewalk, and tile floor) respond directly to incident solar radiation. As expected, it was found that south facades have the highest temperatures of the four exposures under study (>4 °C when compared to the opposite facade), and the highest radiative balance was always registered on asphalt when compared to the sidewalk (at 9:00 a.m. + 30 W∙m−2, at 1:00 p.m. + 149 W∙m−2, and at 7:00 p.m. + 66 W∙m−2).
Márcia Matias; António Lopes. Surface Radiation Balance of Urban Materials and Their Impact on Air Temperature of an Urban Canyon in Lisbon, Portugal. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2193 .
AMA StyleMárcia Matias, António Lopes. Surface Radiation Balance of Urban Materials and Their Impact on Air Temperature of an Urban Canyon in Lisbon, Portugal. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (6):2193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMárcia Matias; António Lopes. 2020. "Surface Radiation Balance of Urban Materials and Their Impact on Air Temperature of an Urban Canyon in Lisbon, Portugal." Applied Sciences 10, no. 6: 2193.
The interface between climate change and tourism is multifaceted and complex. This research aims to understand the relationship established between the tourists’ concerns regarding the impacts of climate change and the risks that may arise and the willingness to pay (WTP) a supplementary fee, and what its value should be, in the tourist packages for environmental sustainability. The empirical phase of this research is presented in the form of a problem: “Will tourists be willing to pay a supplementary fee on tourist packages for environmental sustainability?”. To answer this question, a methodology was implemented in which a questionnaire was given to tourists, and the results were elaborated with several descriptive and multivariate statistics were elaborated. The results show that most tourists are not yet willing to pay a supplementary fee on tourist packages for environmental sustainability, but that this value increases with increasing concern about the risks associated with climate change. This research is intended to contribute to the development of more effective policies, in a bottom-up approach, to manage the risks related to climate change, facilitating successful adaptation.
Filomena Clemente; António Lopes; Vitor Ambrósio. Tourists’ Perceptions on Climate Change in Lisbon Region. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 297 .
AMA StyleFilomena Clemente, António Lopes, Vitor Ambrósio. Tourists’ Perceptions on Climate Change in Lisbon Region. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (3):297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilomena Clemente; António Lopes; Vitor Ambrósio. 2020. "Tourists’ Perceptions on Climate Change in Lisbon Region." Atmosphere 11, no. 3: 297.
The flora and vegetation of the archipelago of Cabo Verde is dominated by Macaronesian, Mediterranean, and particularly by African tropical elements, resulting from its southernmost location, when compared to the other islands of the Macaronesia (i.e., Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, and Canary Islands). Very likely, such a geographical position entailed higher susceptibility to extreme climatic fluctuations, namely those associated with the West African Monsoon oscillations. These fluctuations led to a continuous aridification, which is a clear trend shown by most recent studies based on continental shelf cores. Promoting important environmental shifts, such climatic fluctuations are accepted as determinant to explain the current spatial distribution patterns of taxa, as well as the composition of the plant communities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive characterization of the main plant communities in Cabo Verde, and we discuss the role of the climatic and topoclimatic diversity in shaping the vegetation composition and distribution of this archipelago. Our study reveals a strong variation in the diversity of plant communities across elevation gradients and distinct patterns of richness among plant communities. Moreover, we present an overview of the biogeographical relationships of the Cabo Verde flora and vegetation with the other Macaronesian Islands and northwestern Africa. We discuss how the distribution of plant communities and genetic patterns found among most of the endemic lineages can be related to Africa’s ongoing aridification, exploring the impacts of a process that marks northern Africa from the Late Miocene until the present.
Carlos Neto; José Carlos Costa; Albano Figueiredo; Jorge Capelo; Isildo Gomes; Sónia Vitória; José Maria Semedo; António Lopes; Herculano Dinis; Ezequiel Correia; Maria Cristina Duarte; Maria M. Romeiras. The Role of Climate and Topography in Shaping the Diversity of Plant Communities in Cabo Verde Islands. Diversity 2020, 12, 80 .
AMA StyleCarlos Neto, José Carlos Costa, Albano Figueiredo, Jorge Capelo, Isildo Gomes, Sónia Vitória, José Maria Semedo, António Lopes, Herculano Dinis, Ezequiel Correia, Maria Cristina Duarte, Maria M. Romeiras. The Role of Climate and Topography in Shaping the Diversity of Plant Communities in Cabo Verde Islands. Diversity. 2020; 12 (2):80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Neto; José Carlos Costa; Albano Figueiredo; Jorge Capelo; Isildo Gomes; Sónia Vitória; José Maria Semedo; António Lopes; Herculano Dinis; Ezequiel Correia; Maria Cristina Duarte; Maria M. Romeiras. 2020. "The Role of Climate and Topography in Shaping the Diversity of Plant Communities in Cabo Verde Islands." Diversity 12, no. 2: 80.
The article presents new information on the spatial distribution of intense rainfall and a new map of susceptibility to the formation of mass movements in the mountainous streams of the municipality of Funchal, the capital of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, an archipelago of Portugal. The methodology that was adopted is based on the spatial analysis of weighted overlap of variables, with influence in the occurrence of hydro-geomorphological processes that are at the origin of catastrophic events, marked by the mobilization of solid material towards and along the fluvial channels. Intense precipitations are effectively the main triggering factor of mass movements, which is why their statistical characteristics and local contrasts are analyzed, to integrate this layer of information into the new susceptibility assessment model of mass movements produced in this article. This type of spatialized information is of strategic importance to support the planning of urban expansion, which requires a land use management practice in accordance with the existing risk in the Madeira Island.
Sérgio Lopes; Marcelo Fragoso; António Lopes. Heavy Rainfall Events and Mass Movements in the Funchal Area (Madeira, Portugal): Spatial Analysis and Susceptibility Assessment. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 104 .
AMA StyleSérgio Lopes, Marcelo Fragoso, António Lopes. Heavy Rainfall Events and Mass Movements in the Funchal Area (Madeira, Portugal): Spatial Analysis and Susceptibility Assessment. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (1):104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSérgio Lopes; Marcelo Fragoso; António Lopes. 2020. "Heavy Rainfall Events and Mass Movements in the Funchal Area (Madeira, Portugal): Spatial Analysis and Susceptibility Assessment." Atmosphere 11, no. 1: 104.
The increase and optimization of urban vegetation has been considered an effective mitigation measure of an urban heat island (UHI), with positive effects on human thermal comfort. In this study, the cooling potential of all green spaces in Lisbon was estimated. For that, several mobile measurements of air temperature data were made in a single park (Gulbenkian’s Garden). These measurements were used for the interpolation of air temperature. Furthermore, urban biomass was estimated using remote sensing products, namely Landsat satellite images. Ultimately, a linear regression model was built from the relation between vegetation density and air temperature. Results regarding the estimation of biomass (AGB) in the city of Lisbon were higher in winter than in summer. The urban green spaces cooling potential model showed that for every decrease of 1 °C in air temperature between a measuring point and a reference station we need to increase the area covered by vegetation by 50 m2 (planar measure). This methodology can be applied in other urban areas for the quantification of the cooling effect provided by vegetation in order to improve urban climate thermal conditions and human well-being and, consequently, to mitigate some consequences of future climate change.
Cláudia Reis; António Lopes. Evaluating the Cooling Potential of Urban Green Spaces to Tackle Urban Climate Change in Lisbon. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2480 .
AMA StyleCláudia Reis, António Lopes. Evaluating the Cooling Potential of Urban Green Spaces to Tackle Urban Climate Change in Lisbon. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2480.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCláudia Reis; António Lopes. 2019. "Evaluating the Cooling Potential of Urban Green Spaces to Tackle Urban Climate Change in Lisbon." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2480.
Os Serviços Ecossistêmicos proporcionados pela natureza são fundamentais para a manutenção da vida na Terra. Entretanto, nas cidades, nem sempre a vegetação é valorizada e muitas vezes compete o espaço por metro quadrado disponível. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar as probabilidades de ocorrência de altas temperaturas do ar (a partir de 30°C) e intensa precipitação (a partir de 35 mm) em Piracicaba/SP, sob a justificativa das áreas verdes e da arborização urbana serem importantes meios na criação de microclimas mais agradáveis e aumentarem a infiltração da água no solo. A partir de dados registrados pela Estação Meteorológica da ESALQ/USP, de 1917 a 2017, utilizou-se a Distribuição Normal para a temperatura do ar e a Distribuição Binomial Negativa Truncada para a precipitação. Os resultados mostraram que temperaturas desconfortáveis ocorrem numa frequência de 38% dos casos, ou seja, média de 138 dias por ano, enquanto que as chuvas intensas tiveram média de 7,7 casos por ano, sendo mais críticas durante o verão. Para ambas as distribuições, os ajustes foram bons (teste de qui-quadrado). Isso demonstra a necessidade de políticas públicas que valorizem a presença da vegetação nas cidades, sobretudo em grandes centros urbanizados, para mitigar as altas temperaturas e prevenir enchentes, alagamentos e transtornos.
Flavio Henrique Mendes; Sonia Maria De Stefano Piedade; Luis Gustavo Mendes; Antonio Manuel Saraiva Lopes; Demóstenes Ferreira Da Silva Filho. Probabilidade de ocorrência de altas temperaturas do ar e chuvas intensas em Piracicaba/SP. Geografia em Atos (Online) 2019, 1, 51 -65.
AMA StyleFlavio Henrique Mendes, Sonia Maria De Stefano Piedade, Luis Gustavo Mendes, Antonio Manuel Saraiva Lopes, Demóstenes Ferreira Da Silva Filho. Probabilidade de ocorrência de altas temperaturas do ar e chuvas intensas em Piracicaba/SP. Geografia em Atos (Online). 2019; 1 (9):51-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlavio Henrique Mendes; Sonia Maria De Stefano Piedade; Luis Gustavo Mendes; Antonio Manuel Saraiva Lopes; Demóstenes Ferreira Da Silva Filho. 2019. "Probabilidade de ocorrência de altas temperaturas do ar e chuvas intensas em Piracicaba/SP." Geografia em Atos (Online) 1, no. 9: 51-65.
As emissões de poluentes nas vias com alta densidade de tráfego notabilizaram-se como uma das potenciais fontes de poluição do ar nas cidades. Baseado em simulações com o modelo de dispersão atmosférica (CAL3QHC) foram encontradas na área central de Aracaju concentrações de MP10 máxima até 120 µg m-3, que violam as normas nacionais e, portanto, com possíveis efeitos prejudiciais na saúde humana. Além disso, demostrou que a redução de 60% do fluxo de tráfego de automóveis nas vias de circulação mais congestionadas pode reduzir em até 70 µg m-3 as concentrações de MP10 e o aumento de 9% de árvores pode remover 16.8 kg anual de MP10 com o benefício econômico de R$ 390 reais, usando a ferramenta I-Tree Canopy. Os resultados simulados podem ser um complemento importante para a implementação de ações de controle à poluição do ar, como por exemplo, a instalação de uma rede mais densa de monitoramento da qualidade do ar na cidade.
Max Anjos; António Lopes; Elis Alves. Uso dos modelos CAL3QHC e I-Tree Canopy na avaliação da qualidade do ar em Aracaju: estimativas das concentrações de PM10 nas vias de tráfego intenso de automóveis. GEOUSP Espaço e Tempo (Online) 2018, 22, 707 -728.
AMA StyleMax Anjos, António Lopes, Elis Alves. Uso dos modelos CAL3QHC e I-Tree Canopy na avaliação da qualidade do ar em Aracaju: estimativas das concentrações de PM10 nas vias de tráfego intenso de automóveis. GEOUSP Espaço e Tempo (Online). 2018; 22 (3):707-728.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMax Anjos; António Lopes; Elis Alves. 2018. "Uso dos modelos CAL3QHC e I-Tree Canopy na avaliação da qualidade do ar em Aracaju: estimativas das concentrações de PM10 nas vias de tráfego intenso de automóveis." GEOUSP Espaço e Tempo (Online) 22, no. 3: 707-728.
The common idea that the sea breeze is a phenomenon that is always beneficial to the thermal from point of view is questioned in this study, since the sea breeze front (SBF) development is related with warmer days in the Sergipe region, located in the northeastern coast of Brazil. For this reason, the first climatology of the SBF and its potential implications on meteorological conditions were presented by using remote sensing (GOES-13 satellite image) and surface meteorological data. Results showed daily performance of the SBF: onset at 12:00 UTC and cessation at 19:00 UTC corresponding to a duration of 7 h, mean strength of 3.6 ms−1, and maximum inland penetration of 94 km from coast. In addition, we also observed SBF passage is related with an average increase in solar radiation (84 W m−2), temperature (1 °C), and a decrease in relative humidity (10%) and dew point temperature (1 °C). We hypothesize that, in certain circumstances, the SBF development is not beneficial for human thermal comfort in the Sergipe region.
Max Anjos; António Lopes. Sea breeze front identification on the northeastern coast of Brazil and its implications for meteorological conditions in the Sergipe region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2018, 137, 2151 -2165.
AMA StyleMax Anjos, António Lopes. Sea breeze front identification on the northeastern coast of Brazil and its implications for meteorological conditions in the Sergipe region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2018; 137 (3-4):2151-2165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMax Anjos; António Lopes. 2018. "Sea breeze front identification on the northeastern coast of Brazil and its implications for meteorological conditions in the Sergipe region." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137, no. 3-4: 2151-2165.
The purpose of this article is to analyze urban form through the mapping of morphological indices, namely impervious surface fraction, building density, verticality, height/width ratio, roughness length, and porosity, to support urban planning in the city of João Pessoa, PB, in northeastern Brazil. The application of this study identifies and calculates such significant indices for the city’s urban space from a Geographic Information System (GIS) model. The spatial indices play notable roles in climate at different scales, developing guidelines to maximize environmental quality, promote improvements to thermal comfort, minimize the urban heat island in the city of João Pessoa, and provide relevant data (considering microclimate aspects), guiding decisions related to the planning process.
Ivanize Silva; Rafael Santos; António Lopes; Virgínia Araújo. Morphological Indices as Urban Planning Tools in Northeastern Brazil. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4358 .
AMA StyleIvanize Silva, Rafael Santos, António Lopes, Virgínia Araújo. Morphological Indices as Urban Planning Tools in Northeastern Brazil. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIvanize Silva; Rafael Santos; António Lopes; Virgínia Araújo. 2018. "Morphological Indices as Urban Planning Tools in Northeastern Brazil." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4358.