Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a visual obstacle caused by diabetic disease, which forms because of long-standing diabetes mellitus, which damages the retinal blood vessels. This disease is considered one of the principal causes of sightlessness and accounts for more than 158 million cases all over the world. Since early detection and classification could diminish the visual impairment, it is significant to develop an automated DR diagnosis method. Although deep learning models provide automatic feature extraction and classification, training such models from scratch requires a larger annotated dataset. The availability of annotated training datasets is considered a core issue for implementing deep learning in the classification of medical images. The models based on transfer learning are widely adopted by the researchers to overcome annotated data insufficiency problems and computational overhead. In the proposed study, features are extracted from fundus images using the pre-trained network VGGNet and combined with the concept of transfer learning to improve classification performance. To deal with data insufficiency and unbalancing problems, we employed various data augmentation operations differently on each grade of DR. The results of the experiment indicate that the proposed framework (which is evaluated on the benchmark dataset) outperformed advanced methods in terms of accurateness. Our technique, in combination with handcrafted features, could be used to improve classification accuracy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) significantly burdens ophthalmic healthcare due to its wide prevalence and high diagnostic costs. Especially in remote areas with limited medical access, undetected DR cases are on the rise. Our study introduces an advanced deep transfer learning-based system for real-time DR detection using fundus cameras to address this. This research aims to develop an efficient and timely assistance system for DR patients, empowering them to manage their health better. The proposed system leverages fundus imaging to collect retinal images, which are then transmitted to the processing unit for effective disease severity detection and classification. Comprehensive reports guide subsequent medical actions based on the identified stage. The proposed system achieves real-time DR detection by utilizing deep transfer learning algorithms, specifically VGGNet. The system’s performance is rigorously evaluated, comparing its classification accuracy to previous research outcomes. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed system, achieving an impressive 97.6% classification accuracy during the detection phase, surpassing the performance of existing approaches. Implementing the automated system in remote areas has transformed healthcare dynamics, enabling early, cost-effective DR diagnosis for millions. The system also streamlines patient prioritization, facilitating timely interventions for early-stage DR cases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), remain the leading cause of global mortality, necessitating advanced diagnostic solutions. Accurate deformable image registration plays a crucial role in enhancing segmentation precision and classification performance in cardiovascular imaging. However, existing registration methods, including VoxelMorph, face limitations in computational efficiency and memory usage, restricting their real-time applicability for high-resolution cardiac imaging. This study proposes the Mamba-Optimized VoxelMorph framework, which leverages GPU-based parallelization and memory optimization to address these challenges. The framework achieves superior registration accuracy, yielding a Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 0.95 and Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) of 0.90, while reducing computational time by 40% and memory usage to 800 MB. These advancements ensure efficient alignment of complex cardiac structures, thereby improving segmentation accuracy and classification reliability. By addressing these critical limitations, the Mamba-Optimized VoxelMorph framework significantly enhances cardiovascular imaging, enabling precise, scalable, and real-time deformable image registration for improved CAD diagnosis and treatment planning.

Sleep is an essential aspect of human health, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a serious condition that is frequently unidentified because traditional Polysomnography (PSG) is costly and available only to a small number of patients. To address these limitations, this study develops and implements a Federated learning ensemble technique for privacy-preserving, sleep stage analysis with wearable devices. The framework adapts Random Forest classifiers for local client-side training and Logistic Regression for global aggregation of models, with a high level of classification accuracy and user data privacy. A principal approach in this methodology is the fusion of Blood Volume Pulse (BVP), Electrodermal Activity (EDA), heart rate, and triaxial accelerometry data for the assessment of sleep dynamics. The proposed approach highlights the possibility of developing low-cost, privacy-preserving health monitoring systems for multiple applications that often face obstacles such as data heterogeneity and resource limitations. This work provides support in progressing wearable sleep technologies and helps in the creation of effective, reliable applications in the healthcare industry.