Treating bone defects coupled with pathogen infections poses a formidable challenge to clinical medicine. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop orthopedic implants that provide excellent antibacterial and osteogenic properties. Of the various types, copper-based biomaterials capable of both regenerating bone and fighting infections are an effective therapeutic strategy for bone tissue engineering and therefore have attracted significant research interest. This review examines the advantages of copper-based biomaterials for biological functions and introduces these materials’ antibacterial mechanisms. We summarize current knowledge about the application of copper-based biomaterials with antimicrobial and osteogenic properties in the prevention and treatment of bone infection and discuss their potential uses in the field of orthopedics. By examining both broad and in-depth research, this review functions as a practical guide to developing copper-based biomaterials and offers directions for possible future work.

Objective: Lateral meniscal posterior root (LMPR) is an important stabilizer for knee joint, providing the stability during tibia forward shifting and internal rotating. It is still controversial that whether the LMPR tear (LMPRT) should be repaired together with ACL reconstruction. This study aims to investigate the effects of LMPR on knee stability with intact ACL.Methods: Eight cadaver knees were used and performed the biomechanical kinematics tests in orders of: Group A: the LMPR was intact; Group B: the LMPR was cut off from its tibial end; Group C: the LMPRT has been repaired. 1) An internal rotation moment (5 Nm) was given to the tibia, then the internal rotation angle of the tibia was measured; 2) An forward shifting force (134 N) was given to the tibia, then the anterior displacement of the tibia was measured; 3) An internal rotation moment (5 Nm) and a valgus moment (10 Nm) were given to the tibia, then the internal rotation angle and the anterior displacement was measured. The stability was inferred from smaller rotation angle and displacement, and all of the angles and displacements were measured at knee flexion of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°, respectively.Results: Comparing to Group A, the internal rotation angle in Group B was increased significantly at knee flexion of 30° (p = 0.025), 60° (p = 0.041), 90° (p = 0.002); the anterior tibia displacement in Group B was increased significantly at knee flexion of 30° (p = 0.015), 60° (p = 0.024); at knee valgus, the internal rotation angle was also increased significantly at knee flexion of 60° (p = 0.011), 90° (p = 0.037). Comparing to Group B, the internal rotation angle in Group C was decreased significantly at knee flexion of 30° (p = 0.030), 60° (p = 0.019), 90° (p = 0.021); the anterior displacement in Group C was decreased significantly at knee flexion of 30° (p = 0.042), 60° (p = 0.037); at valgus, the internal rotation angle was also decreased significantly at knee flexion of 60° (p = 0.013), 90° (p = 0.045). Comparing to Group A, only the internal rotation angle (p = 0.047) and anterior displacement (p = 0.033) in Group C were increased at knee flexion of 30°.Conclusion: In simulated knee with intact ACL, LMPRT can still lead to the notable internal rotational instability at knee flexion from 30° to 90°, as well as the anterior shift instability at knee flexion from 30° to 60°. LMPRT repair help to improve the internal rotation stability at 30° and restore it at 60° to 90°, and improve the anterior shift stability at 30° and restore it at 60°.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that compared with single-bundle (SB) precedures, double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction perform better. OBJECTIVE: To make assurance that distance of TT-TG may be altered along with ACL

Background: Detailed knowledge of the anatomic course of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) is crucial for the surgical treatment of the posterolateral corner (PLC) of the knee. Purpose: To investigate the relationship of the CPN to the PLC of the knee at different flexion angles. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Ten healthy volunteers were recruited to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee joint at knee flexion angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°. MRI scans at 3 levels (joint line, tibial cut, and fibular tip) were evaluated to determine (1) the distance from the CPN to the PLC and (2) the distances between the CPN and the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral tibial axes. A 3-dimensional model of the knee joint created from MRI scans of a single participant was used to simulate the creation of a fibular tunnel for PLC reconstruction and investigate the relationship between the CPN, fibular tunnel, and guide pin. Results: The CPN moved posteromedially with increased knee flexion angles. As the flexion angle increased, the distances from the CPN to the anterior-posterior axis and the PLC increased significantly, while the distance to the medial-lateral axis decreased significantly at all 3 measurement levels. The distances between the CPN and anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes were significantly different among the different knee flexion angles at the different measurement levels. There were no significant differences in the mean distance from the CPN to the posterolateral border of the tibial plateau between 0° and 30° of flexion at the fibular tip level ( P = .953). There were statistically significant differences in the distance from the CPN to the PLC of the tibial plateau at the different measurement levels. The 3-dimensional model demonstrated that the position of the CPN relative to the guide pin and the bone tunnel undergoes changes during knee flexion. Conclusion: Changes in the knee flexion angle produced corresponding changes in the course of the CPN on the posterolateral aspect of the knee joint. The CPN moved posteromedially with increased knee flexion angles. Clinical Relevance: Increasing the knee flexion angle during PLC reconstruction can effectively avoid direct injury of the CPN.