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Reverse Osmosis (RO) has already proved its worth as an efficient treatment method in chemical and environmental engineering applications. Various successful RO attempts for the rejection of organic and highly toxic pollutants from wastewater can be found in the literature over the last decade. Dimethylphenol is classified as a high-toxic organic compound found ubiquitously in wastewater. It poses a real threat to humans and the environment even at low concentration. In this paper, a model based framework was developed for the simulation and optimisation of RO process for the removal of dimethylphenol from wastewater. We incorporated our earlier developed and validated process model into the Species Conserving Genetic Algorithm (SCGA) based optimisation framework to optimise the design and operational parameters of the process. To provide a deeper insight of the process to the readers, the influences of membrane design parameters on dimethylphenol rejection, water recovery rate and the level of specific energy consumption of the process for two different sets of operating conditions are presented first which were achieved via simulation. The membrane parameters taken into consideration include membrane length, width and feed channel height. Finally, a multi-objective function is presented to optimise the membrane design parameters, dimethylphenol rejection and required energy consumption. Simulation results affirmed insignificant and significant impacts of membrane length and width on dimethylphenol rejection and specific energy consumption, respectively. However, these performance indicators are negatively influenced due to increasing the feed channel height. On the other hand, optimisation results generated an optimum removal of dimethylphenol at reduced specific energy consumption for a wide sets of inlet conditions. More importantly, the dimethylphenol rejection increased by around 2.51% to 98.72% compared to ordinary RO module measurements with a saving of around 20.6% of specific energy consumption.
Mudhar Al-Obaidi; Alejandro Ruiz-García; Ghanim Hassan; Jian-Ping Li; Chakib Kara-Zaïtri; Ignacio Nuez; Iqbal Mujtaba. Model Based Simulation and Genetic Algorithm Based Optimisation of Spiral Wound Membrane RO Process for Improved Dimethylphenol Rejection from Wastewater. Membranes 2021, 11, 595 .
AMA StyleMudhar Al-Obaidi, Alejandro Ruiz-García, Ghanim Hassan, Jian-Ping Li, Chakib Kara-Zaïtri, Ignacio Nuez, Iqbal Mujtaba. Model Based Simulation and Genetic Algorithm Based Optimisation of Spiral Wound Membrane RO Process for Improved Dimethylphenol Rejection from Wastewater. Membranes. 2021; 11 (8):595.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMudhar Al-Obaidi; Alejandro Ruiz-García; Ghanim Hassan; Jian-Ping Li; Chakib Kara-Zaïtri; Ignacio Nuez; Iqbal Mujtaba. 2021. "Model Based Simulation and Genetic Algorithm Based Optimisation of Spiral Wound Membrane RO Process for Improved Dimethylphenol Rejection from Wastewater." Membranes 11, no. 8: 595.
It is well known that reverse osmosis (RO) is the leading desalination technology. As an energy intensive technology, the exploitation of renewable energy sources (RES) to power RO systems is a attractive option. A strategy to take advantage of all the available energy of an off-grid renewable system is to work with the RO system under variable operating conditions. This implies additional challenges in terms of water production and permeate quality, among others. Boron rejection is one of the main concerns in seawater RO (SWRO) systems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance and boron rejection of a single-stage SWRO system with 7 membrane elements per pressure vessel under variable operating conditions. The initial permeability coefficients of two SWRO membranes (TM820L-440 and TM820S-400) were calculated from experimental data of a full-scale SWRO desalination plant. These coefficients and the characteristics of the membranes were introduced in a simulation algorithm to estimate the behavior of the SWRO system. The results show that, compared with the TM820S-400 membrane, the TM820L-440 performed better in terms of boron rejection in the form of boric acid, but worse in terms of water production. When RES-powered SWRO systems are designed to work under variable operating conditions, consideration needs to be given to the safe operation window in terms of boron concentration in the permeate and to variation of the permeability coefficient of the membranes.
A. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. Performance evaluation and boron rejection in a SWRO system under variable operating conditions. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2021, 153, 107441 .
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, I. Nuez. Performance evaluation and boron rejection in a SWRO system under variable operating conditions. Computers & Chemical Engineering. 2021; 153 ():107441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. 2021. "Performance evaluation and boron rejection in a SWRO system under variable operating conditions." Computers & Chemical Engineering 153, no. : 107441.
Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane is an attractive pretreatment technology used in desalination water system. However, the unavoidable membrane fouling over time is the key problem in the development of this technology. Fouling evaluation in the initial stage may provide relevant information about the fouling tendencies. In this work, the extent of fouling was investigated through a new method allows evaluating the fouling in cross-flow UF in the initial filtration stage. An empirical adjustment of flux decline data based on a bi-exponential equation with 4 coefficients is proposed for determining the Rcfi and RV − CF parameters. The first parameter Rcfi is defined as the initial cross-flow resistance. The second parameter RV − CF is defined as increasing resistance per specific volume of permeate in cross-flow. The measurement of the fouling parameters is evaluated in a laboratory facility with the following established conditions: (1) operation in cross-flow mode and (2) a flow measurement period limited to roughly 1 h. The procedure is intended to detect two different flow decline zones with different fouling processes at the initial stage of cross-flow filtration. The method applicability was tested with two cellulosic membranes of 10 kDa and 20 kDa and solutions of 4 kDa and 35 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) and alginate at different concentrations. In the case of the Rcfi parameter, the results show measurable values with high colloidal concentration of PEG. The RV − CF results shows a sensitive increase with foulant concentration, in different degree, depending on the type of solution and membrane used.
M. Hernández; N. Melián-Martel; A. Ruiz-García; B. Del Río-Gamero. Fouling characterization during initial stage of cross-flow ultrafiltration. Journal of Water Process Engineering 2020, 38, 101611 .
AMA StyleM. Hernández, N. Melián-Martel, A. Ruiz-García, B. Del Río-Gamero. Fouling characterization during initial stage of cross-flow ultrafiltration. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2020; 38 ():101611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Hernández; N. Melián-Martel; A. Ruiz-García; B. Del Río-Gamero. 2020. "Fouling characterization during initial stage of cross-flow ultrafiltration." Journal of Water Process Engineering 38, no. : 101611.
Although reverse osmosis (RO) is the technology of choice for solving water shortage problems, it is a process that consumes large amounts of energy. Brackish water (BW) desalination is more efficient than seawater desalination due to the lower salinity of the feedwater source. This makes coupling renewable energy sources with BWRO systems attractive. The operation of this type of systems is complex and requires the design of control strategies to obtain optimal operation. The novelty of this work was to propose a simple on-off control strategy for operating a BWRO system that can work with one and two stages and with different configurations considering six spiral wound membrane elements per pressure vessel (PV). The feedwater quality variations of a real groundwater well were used together with a computational tool to simulate the response of the different configurations with the purpose of selecting the most appropriate depending on the input power to the BWRO system. The most suitable configurations were found to be 1:0, 2:1 and 3:2 (PV first stage:PV second stage). It was additionally found that increased feedwater concentrations resulted in shorter operating ranges to maximize permeate water production for the 1:0 and 2:1 configurations, and that the 3:2 configuration was the most suitable for most of the operating range.
A. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. On-Off Control Strategy in a BWRO System under Variable Power and Feedwater Concentration Conditions. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4748 .
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, I. Nuez. On-Off Control Strategy in a BWRO System under Variable Power and Feedwater Concentration Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (14):4748.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. 2020. "On-Off Control Strategy in a BWRO System under Variable Power and Feedwater Concentration Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14: 4748.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the leading technology for desalinating seawater and brackish water (BW). In general, the desalination efficiency of BW is higher than that of seawater due to its lower total dissolved solids content. In addition to membrane fouling, fluctuations in the feedwater source are one of the main problems that affect desalination systems. These variations can have a significant impact on the operating parameters and efficiency of BWRO systems. In this work, hydrochemical fluctuations in well groundwater were used to evaluate the different operation windows of two BWRO system configurations, as well as their optimal operating points in terms of minimum specific energy consumption (SEC) and maximum flow recovery (R). Both configurations comprised two stages and 6 BWRO spiral wound membrane elements per pressure vessel (PV). One configuration had 2 and 1 PVs in the first and second stages respectively, and the other 3 and 2 PVs. Both systems were simulated using a range of feed flow and feed pressure values in addition to the inorganic compositions of 24 feedwater samples taken over a 10-year period. The results showed wider operation windows for the 3:2 than the 2:1 configuration. A common operation window (able to operate with all 24 feedwater samples) with wide operating margins was obtained for each configuration. For the 2:1 configuration, the 24-sample average SEC, average maximum SEC and average minimum SEC of this common operation window were 0.760, 1.198 and 0.339 kWh m−3, respectively, while the corresponding R values were 33.47, 67.66 and 19.86%.
A. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez; M.D. Carrascosa-Chisvert; J.J. Santana. Simulations of BWRO systems under different feedwater characteristics. Analysis of operation windows and optimal operating points. Desalination 2020, 491, 114582 .
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, I. Nuez, M.D. Carrascosa-Chisvert, J.J. Santana. Simulations of BWRO systems under different feedwater characteristics. Analysis of operation windows and optimal operating points. Desalination. 2020; 491 ():114582.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez; M.D. Carrascosa-Chisvert; J.J. Santana. 2020. "Simulations of BWRO systems under different feedwater characteristics. Analysis of operation windows and optimal operating points." Desalination 491, no. : 114582.
Reverse osmosis is the leading process in seawater desalination. However, it is still an energy intensive technology. Feed spacer geometry design is a key factor in reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane module performance. Correlations obtained from experimental work and computational fluid dynamics modeling were used in a computational tool to simulate the impact of different feed spacer geometries in seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules with different permeability coefficients in pressure vessels with 6, 7 and 8 elements. The aim of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the effect of different feed spacer geometries in combination with the water and solute permeability coefficients on seawater reverse osmosis spiral wound membrane modules performance. The results showed a higher impact of feed spacer geometries in the membrane with the highest production (highest water permeability coefficient). It was also found that the impact of feed spacer geometry increased with the number of spiral wound membrane modules in series in the pressure vessel. Installation of different feed spacer geometries in reverse osmosis membranes depending on the operating conditions could improve the performance of seawater reverse osmosis systems in terms of energy consumption and permeate quality.
A. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. Performance Assessment of SWRO Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules with Different Feed Spacer Dimensions. Processes 2020, 8, 692 .
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, I. Nuez. Performance Assessment of SWRO Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules with Different Feed Spacer Dimensions. Processes. 2020; 8 (6):692.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. 2020. "Performance Assessment of SWRO Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules with Different Feed Spacer Dimensions." Processes 8, no. 6: 692.
The use of renewable energy sources (RES) to power reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants is a promising option for remote communities that face water scarcity. One drawback, however, is that the plants are generally obliged to operate intermittently due to the nature of the RES, which can reduce RO system performance in terms of production, salt rejection and energy consumption. This work analyses the long-term performance of a full-scale brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination plant that has been working under intermittent operating conditions for 14 years (~9 h d−1). The plant has two stages, a 2:1 arrangement and five spiral wound membrane elements per pressure vessel (Filmtec™BW30-400). The feed water is pumped from a groundwater well. The feed flow and water flux recovery remained practically constant (416 m3 d−1 and around 65% respectively) over the 14-year period. The plant uses antiscalant dosing (5 mg L−1) and two cartridge filters in series (25 and 5 μm) as a pre-treatment. Rinses are carried out before shut-downs. Feedwater conductivity, permeate conductivity, feed pressure, pressure drop, permeate flow, and feed flow operating data were collected. The results show a decrease of about 50% in the average water permeability coefficient and an increase in specific energy consumption from 1.82 to 2.21 kWh m−3. The results provide useful information about the behavior of BWRO desalination systems under intermittent operating conditions and should be taken into account when designing RES-powered BWRO desalination plants.
A. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. Long-term intermittent operation of a full-scale BWRO desalination plant. Desalination 2020, 489, 114526 .
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, I. Nuez. Long-term intermittent operation of a full-scale BWRO desalination plant. Desalination. 2020; 489 ():114526.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. 2020. "Long-term intermittent operation of a full-scale BWRO desalination plant." Desalination 489, no. : 114526.
This paper analyzes the effectiveness of Directive (EU) 2019/883 from the social interest perspective. To achieve this aim, it assesses the performance of the sewage treatment plan (Annex IV of MARPOL) in Las Palmas Port and the accomplishment of the Cost Recovery System. This involves reviewing the mandatory fees for landing the sewage in the port, the sewage treatment costs and the environmental impact of the treated effluent from the vessels (environmental benefits) and addressing technical difficulties in order to meet the normative standard required from the vessels’ sewage in the framework of Las Palmas Port. Through a cost–benefit analysis not only the current protocol for the reception and treatment of Annex IV waste in the port is assessed, but also alternative waste treatment plans (sewage routes) are discussed in terms of social interest. The results of the paper show that only when the treated sewage is reused are the costs assumed to implement the directive overtaken by the benefits gained from complying with it. Consequently, the port authorities should address their efforts in this direction, as should the policy makers, who should integrate in the international normative the collaboration of the on-board sewage treatment plants to meet the PPP (Polluter Pays Principle).
Alba Martínez-López; Alejandro Ruiz-García; Ivone Pérez. Social Cost Benefit Analysis of Port Handling Plans for Annex IV waste of MARPOL: A Case Study in Las Palmas Port. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2382 .
AMA StyleAlba Martínez-López, Alejandro Ruiz-García, Ivone Pérez. Social Cost Benefit Analysis of Port Handling Plans for Annex IV waste of MARPOL: A Case Study in Las Palmas Port. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlba Martínez-López; Alejandro Ruiz-García; Ivone Pérez. 2020. "Social Cost Benefit Analysis of Port Handling Plans for Annex IV waste of MARPOL: A Case Study in Las Palmas Port." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2382.
The lack of rainfall in the Canary Islands’ Archipelago is leading to the depletion of the existing aquifers throughout the islands, above all in the easternmost isles (Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). Due to the increasing water demand in the southern area of the Island of Gran Canaria, appropriate planning has become necessary in order to avoid the depletion of the phreatic water resources that can be found there. One of the most affected areas is the Amurga Mountain Range, where the existing aquifers are depleted, as shown in the Hydrological Plan of Gran Canaria. The aim of this study was to characterize the hydrochemistry of the above-mentioned groundwater bodies. Water quality monitoring was carried out over a period of five years, involving the survey of a total of 288 samples (over 4300 tests). The water from those aquifers has the characteristic of being fairly mineralized, with a prevalence of Cl−, Ca2+ and Na+ ions, salinity levels reaching 8646 mg/L, and chloride levels up to 4200 mg/L. The waters of these aquifers can be divided into two basic types, i.e., those containing high levels of sodium chloride, which can be found around the Tirajana Gorge; and the waters rich in magnesium chloride and sodium sulfate in the Arguineguín Gorge, as well as in the Amurga Massif itself.
A. Ruiz-García; M.D. Carrascosa-Chisvert; V. Mena; R.M. Souto; J.J. Santana; I. Nuez; Ruiz- García; Carrascosa- Chisvert; Mena; Nuez. Groundwater Quality Assessment in a Volcanic Mountain Range (South of Gran Canaria Island, Spain). Water 2019, 11, 754 .
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, M.D. Carrascosa-Chisvert, V. Mena, R.M. Souto, J.J. Santana, I. Nuez, Ruiz- García, Carrascosa- Chisvert, Mena, Nuez. Groundwater Quality Assessment in a Volcanic Mountain Range (South of Gran Canaria Island, Spain). Water. 2019; 11 (4):754.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; M.D. Carrascosa-Chisvert; V. Mena; R.M. Souto; J.J. Santana; I. Nuez; Ruiz- García; Carrascosa- Chisvert; Mena; Nuez. 2019. "Groundwater Quality Assessment in a Volcanic Mountain Range (South of Gran Canaria Island, Spain)." Water 11, no. 4: 754.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widely used technology to desalinate brackish water and seawater. Significant efforts have been made in recent decades to improve RO efficiency. Feed spacer geometry design is a very important factor in RO membrane performance. In this work, correlations based on computational fluid dynamics and experimental work were applied in an algorithm to simulate the effect of different feed spacer geometries in full-scale brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) membranes with different permeability coefficients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of feed spacers in conjunction with the permeability coefficients on membrane performance. The results showed a greater impact of feed spacer geometries in the membrane with the highest water permeability coefficient (A). Studying only one single element in a series, variations due to feed spacer geometries were observed in specific energy consumption ( S E C ) and permeate concentration ( C p ) of about 6.83% and 10.42%, respectively. Allowing the rolling of commercial membranes with different feed spacer geometries depending on the operating conditions could optimize the RO process.
Alejandro Ruiz-García; Ignacio De La Nuez Pestana. Feed Spacer Geometries and Permeability Coefficients. Effect on the Performance in BWRO Spriral-Wound Membrane Modules. Water 2019, 11, 152 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz-García, Ignacio De La Nuez Pestana. Feed Spacer Geometries and Permeability Coefficients. Effect on the Performance in BWRO Spriral-Wound Membrane Modules. Water. 2019; 11 (1):152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz-García; Ignacio De La Nuez Pestana. 2019. "Feed Spacer Geometries and Permeability Coefficients. Effect on the Performance in BWRO Spriral-Wound Membrane Modules." Water 11, no. 1: 152.
N. Melián-Martel; J. Jaime Sadhwani Alonso; Alejandro Ruiz García. Combined silica and sodium alginate fouling of spiral-wound reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination. Desalination 2018, 439, 25 -30.
AMA StyleN. Melián-Martel, J. Jaime Sadhwani Alonso, Alejandro Ruiz García. Combined silica and sodium alginate fouling of spiral-wound reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination. Desalination. 2018; 439 ():25-30.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Melián-Martel; J. Jaime Sadhwani Alonso; Alejandro Ruiz García. 2018. "Combined silica and sodium alginate fouling of spiral-wound reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination." Desalination 439, no. : 25-30.
Today, one of the main targets of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membrane manufacturers is to increase boron rejection. For drinking water, the regulations in Spain are quite strict in terms of maximum boron content. The aim of this work is to propose a prediction model for average boron permeability coefficient as boric acid by evaluating the fluctuations of boron permeate concentration due to the different operating conditions of the plant under study. The SWRO desalination plant used for this study is located in Spain and has 9 trains with a production capacity of around 7200 m3 d−1 per train. Data from about 1500 operating days were considered. Operating data including pressure, conductivity, flow, temperature, pH and boron permeate concentration were collected during the study period. All racks did not have the same number of pressure vessels or operating conditions. Boron permeate concentration was between 0.5 and 2 mg L−1 for the membrane element TM820S-400 and between 0.25 and 0.75 mg L−1 for the membrane element TM820L-440. The model is based on the superposition of three exponential functions considering the influence of feed pressure, feed-brine temperature and operating time. The obtained results with the proposed model showed more adaptable to the experimental data than previous model.
A. Ruiz-García; F.A. León; A. Ramos-Martín. Different boron rejection behavior in two RO membranes installed in the same full-scale SWRO desalination plant. Desalination 2018, 449, 131 -138.
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, F.A. León, A. Ramos-Martín. Different boron rejection behavior in two RO membranes installed in the same full-scale SWRO desalination plant. Desalination. 2018; 449 ():131-138.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; F.A. León; A. Ramos-Martín. 2018. "Different boron rejection behavior in two RO membranes installed in the same full-scale SWRO desalination plant." Desalination 449, no. : 131-138.
Fouled BWRO membrane elements from a full-scale desalination plant were characterized by collecting performance data and through a membrane autopsy in order to identify the fouling characteristics and behavior associated with feed water inorganic composition and operating conditions. This is the first time that membranes of a desalination plant have been autopsied with a data collection along 11 years of operation. The investigated membrane elements were taken after 11 years of operation. The BWRO desalination plant had a production capacity of 15 m3 d- 1 with a recovery of 60% approximately. It was fed from a groundwater well having cartridge filters and antiscalant dosing as a pre-treatment. It is a two stages desalination plant with the BW30-400 membrane element. Chemical and structural characterization was performed by visual inspection, qualitative analysis test and by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The fouling layer consisted of a biofilm detected in the first elements of the RO system. Biofilm comprising diatoms on all membrane elements were found. Inorganic foulants mainly consisted of calcium carbonate and aluminosilicates. The results highlight that it is possible to preserve BWRO membrane elements in service for up to 11 years using a correct conventional pretreatment with this kind of foulants. However, the membrane resistant increased more than twice over the operating period.
A. Ruiz-García; Noemi Melián Martel; Vicente F. Mena-Gonzalez. Fouling characterization of RO membranes after 11 years of operation in a brackish water desalination plant. Desalination 2018, 430, 180 -185.
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, Noemi Melián Martel, Vicente F. Mena-Gonzalez. Fouling characterization of RO membranes after 11 years of operation in a brackish water desalination plant. Desalination. 2018; 430 ():180-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; Noemi Melián Martel; Vicente F. Mena-Gonzalez. 2018. "Fouling characterization of RO membranes after 11 years of operation in a brackish water desalination plant." Desalination 430, no. : 180-185.
Alejandro Ruiz-García; Ignacio de la Nuez-Pestana. A computational tool for designing BWRO systems with spiral wound modules. Desalination 2018, 426, 69 -77.
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz-García, Ignacio de la Nuez-Pestana. A computational tool for designing BWRO systems with spiral wound modules. Desalination. 2018; 426 ():69-77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz-García; Ignacio de la Nuez-Pestana. 2018. "A computational tool for designing BWRO systems with spiral wound modules." Desalination 426, no. : 69-77.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane fouling is one of the main challenges that membrane manufactures, the scientific community and industry professionals have to deal with. The consequences of this inevitable phenomenon have a negative effect on the performance of the desalination system. Predicting fouling in RO systems is key to evaluating the long-term operating conditions and costs. Much research has been done on fouling indices, methods, techniques and prediction models to estimate the influence of fouling on the performance of RO systems. This paper offers a short review evaluating the state of industry knowledge in the development of fouling indices and models in membrane systems for desalination in terms of use and applicability. Despite major efforts in this field, there are gaps in terms of effective methods and models for the estimation of fouling in full-scale RO desalination plants. In existing models applied to full-scale RO desalination plants, neither the spacer geometry of membranes, nor the efficiency and frequency of chemical cleanings are considered.
Alejandro Ruiz-García; Noemi Melián-Martel; Ignacio Nuez. Short Review on Predicting Fouling in RO Desalination. Membranes 2017, 7, 62 .
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz-García, Noemi Melián-Martel, Ignacio Nuez. Short Review on Predicting Fouling in RO Desalination. Membranes. 2017; 7 (4):62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz-García; Noemi Melián-Martel; Ignacio Nuez. 2017. "Short Review on Predicting Fouling in RO Desalination." Membranes 7, no. 4: 62.
Alejandro Ruiz García; J. Feo-García. Operating and maintenance cost in seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants. Artificial neural network based model. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017, 73, 73 -79.
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz García, J. Feo-García. Operating and maintenance cost in seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants. Artificial neural network based model. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2017; 73 ():73-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz García; J. Feo-García. 2017. "Operating and maintenance cost in seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants. Artificial neural network based model." Desalination and Water Treatment 73, no. : 73-79.
Alejandro Ruiz García; J. Feo-García. Estimation of maximum water recovery in RO desalination for different feedwater inorganic compositions. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 2017, 70, 34 -45.
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz García, J. Feo-García. Estimation of maximum water recovery in RO desalination for different feedwater inorganic compositions. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT. 2017; 70 ():34-45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz García; J. Feo-García. 2017. "Estimation of maximum water recovery in RO desalination for different feedwater inorganic compositions." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 70, no. : 34-45.
Alejandro Ruiz García; J. Feo-García. Antiscalant cost and maximum water recovery in reverse osmosis for different inorganic composition of groundwater. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017, 73, 46 -53.
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz García, J. Feo-García. Antiscalant cost and maximum water recovery in reverse osmosis for different inorganic composition of groundwater. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2017; 73 ():46-53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz García; J. Feo-García. 2017. "Antiscalant cost and maximum water recovery in reverse osmosis for different inorganic composition of groundwater." Desalination and Water Treatment 73, no. : 46-53.
A. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. Long-term performance decline in a brackish water reverse osmosis desalination plant. Predictive model for the water permeability coefficient. Desalination 2016, 397, 101 -107.
AMA StyleA. Ruiz-García, I. Nuez. Long-term performance decline in a brackish water reverse osmosis desalination plant. Predictive model for the water permeability coefficient. Desalination. 2016; 397 ():101-107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Ruiz-García; I. Nuez. 2016. "Long-term performance decline in a brackish water reverse osmosis desalination plant. Predictive model for the water permeability coefficient." Desalination 397, no. : 101-107.
Alejandro Ruiz García; E. Ruiz-Saavedra; J. Feo-García. Start-up of brackish water desalination for agricultural irrigation in the Canary Islands (Spain). Desalination and Water Treatment 2016, 57, 22734 -22742.
AMA StyleAlejandro Ruiz García, E. Ruiz-Saavedra, J. Feo-García. Start-up of brackish water desalination for agricultural irrigation in the Canary Islands (Spain). Desalination and Water Treatment. 2016; 57 (48-49):22734-22742.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlejandro Ruiz García; E. Ruiz-Saavedra; J. Feo-García. 2016. "Start-up of brackish water desalination for agricultural irrigation in the Canary Islands (Spain)." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 48-49: 22734-22742.