Bu çalışmada çay atığı (ÇA) ve atık mantar kompostu (AMK) ile inorganik gübrelerin (İG) çemen (Trigonella Foenum Graecum) bitkisinin besin elementi içeriğine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Deneme faktöriyel deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak 54 saksıda yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada çay atığı (%0, %2.5 ve %5.0) ve atık mantar kompostu (%0, %2.5 ve %5.0) üç farklı dozda uygulanmıştır. Amonyum sülfat ( 0, 125, 250 mg N kg-1) triple süper fosfat (0, 50, 100 mg P2O5 kg-1) ve potasyum sülfatın (0, 75, 150 mg K2O kg-1) üç farklı dozu inorganik gübre olarak kullanılmıştır. Organik materyal çeşidi, ÇA, AMK, İG dozları ve bunların interaksiyonlarının N, P, Fe ve Zn içerikleri üzerine etkileri genel olarak istatistiksel anlamda önemli bulunmuştur. En yüksek N (%5.43), Fe (613 mg kg-1) ve Zn (95 mg kg-1) ortalamaları sırası ile AMK0xİG0 ve AMK0xİG1 uygulamalarında elde edilmişlerdir. En yüksek P ortalaması ise %0.43 olarak AMK2xİG2 uygulamasında belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak AMK uygulamalarında elde edilen besin elementi ortalamaları ÇA uygulamalarında elde edilenlerden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. İG uygulamaları ise bitkinin N, P ve Mn içeriklerini arttırmıştır.

Çalışmanın amacı uzun süreli çakılı deneme koşullarında artan dozlarda P uygulamasının toprak C, N ve P içeriği ve elementlerin kendi aralarındaki etkileşimlerini araştırmaktır. Test edilen araştırma hipotezi ise; artan dozlarda P uygulaması toprak C, N ve P konsantrasyonlarını arttırmakta ve buna bağlı olarak bitkisel üretim artmaktadır. Deneme Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde 1998 de Arık toprak serisinde çakılı deneme olarak kurulmuş ve günümüze kadar buğday-mısır rotasyonu olarak devam ettirilmektedir. Söz konusu çalışmada her üretim sezonu öncesi 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0), 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P50), 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P100) ve 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P200) konuları üç tekerrürlü olarak uygulanmaktadır. Çalışma Kasım 2017 de Adana-99 çeşidi Buğday (‎Triticum aestivum L.) ekilerek kurulmuş olup Mayıs 2018 de hasat edilmiştir. Hasat ile birlikte farklı toprak derinliklerinden (0-15 ve 15-30 cm) ve farklı bölgelerden (rizosfer ve rizosfer olmayan) toprak örnekleri alınarak analize hazır hale getirilmiştir. Toprak organik C (OC), inorganik C (IC), toplam C ve N içeriği ve P konsantrasyonları tayin edilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları gösteriyor ki; her iki derinlikte rizosfer (R) ve rizosfer olmayan (NR) bölgelerde P içeriği bakımından istatistiksel olarak dikkate değer bir fark olup; kontrole kıyasla en iyi uygulama P200 uygulamasında elde edilmiştir. Artan P doz uygulaması ile toprak P içeriği doğrusal bir şekilde artmıştır. Toprak OC içeriği bakımından ise rizosfer ve rizosfer olmayan bölgelerde (15-30 cm derinlikte) istatistiksel olarak dikkate değer bir fark olup, kontrole kıyasalar en iyi uygulama P200 uygulamasında sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca, artan P doz uygulamasına bağlı olarak ortalama toprak OC, toplam N ve C içeriği artış göstermekte olup sonuçlar hipotezimizi destekler niteliktedir.

Due to long-term extensive cultivation on marginal and agriculturally suitable lands, soil organic carbon (SOC) has oxidized and released as CO₂ into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the quality of the soil and environmental safety have been further compromised by the overuse of chemical fertilizers. Despite possible trade-offs, no-till farming and the use of organic fertilizers like animal manure are advised practices to address these issues. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance soil aggregation and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. However, there is limited data on the combined impact of manure and AMF on the dynamics of soil carbon in the study area, in both tillage and non-tillage scenarios. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of tillage, animal manure, and AMF application on soil carbon fractions. The study was carried out in 2023 at the Çukurova University Agricultural Research Center, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition’s Research Farm, Adana/Türkiye. The experiment was set up with treatments consisting of two tillage (tilled and non-tilled) as the whole plot, two AMF (with and without AMF) as the sub-plot, and two fertilizers (with and without animal manure) as the sub-sub plot factors in a split-split-plot design, totally 24 plots. Plots that did not receive animal manure received the recommended amount of mineral NPK fertilizer for optimal maize growth. Animal manure at 25 t ha⁻¹ was applied in manure-treated plots. AMF inoculum was applied 50 mm under maize seeds. At harvest, soil samples were taken at 0-20 cm and 20-30 cm depths. The fractions of soil carbon (total carbon, organic, inorganic, active carbon, and particulate organic matter) were determined based on respective procedures. R computer program was used to analyze the data, and Tukey's test (p<0.05) was employed to compare means. The findings showed that tillage and AMF application did not significantly affect the soil carbon fractions. However, application of animal manure resulted in significant increases in total soil carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), and particulate organic matter (POM). The study showed that the addition of fresh organic matter caused a quick rise in soil organic carbon fraction while the inorganic C remained unchanged. Given that the effects of tillage might take longer to become evident, further studies are necessary to validate these findings and better understand the long-term impacts of these soil management practices.

A long-term field experiment was established in 1996 at Çukurova University Research and Application Farm, Adana, Turkey. The design of experiment was The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 5 different fertilizer treatments: control (no fertilizer), Mineral fertilizer (NPK), Animal manure (25-ton ha-1), Compost (25-ton ha-1) and Compost + Mycorrhiza (10-ton ha-1). Maize seeds were sown and harvested in 2022. At harvest, soil samples (at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths) and plant samples were taken from each plot. Soil and plant total carbon and N concentrations were determined by a CN elemental analyzer. The soil organic carbon (OC) was estimated as the difference between total and inorganic C. Results show that carbon concentration in the grain, shoot, and root samples of maize plants were higher in fertilized plots than in control treatments. Compost and animal manure treated soil had higher OC concentrations at both sampling depths. The highest values of soil OC at 0-15 cm depth were obtained in animal manure applied plots.Generally, organic fertilizer application increased soil OC % concentrations and contributed to the soil carbon budget. The PCA analysis also revealed that a majority of the plant and soil parameters clustered more closely with organic fertilizers compared to the control and mineral counterparts.

There has long been intense pressure on input-based traditional agriculture due to the rising need for food. These kinds of agricultural techniques result in poorly managed soil-plant interactions that ultimately affect all living activities and human health by altering and destroying the soil's natural structure, rendering it infertile, and degrading soil quality. Research was carried out a study to find out how mycorrhizae-inoculated cover crops affected soil quality and growth metrics. The study to pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Five different plant combinations (cover crop) patterns were inoculated with selected and indigenous mycorrhizae spores that were isolated from the rhizosphere soils of plants grown in three degraded soils. Five different cover plant combinations, such as A: Clover, Grass, Onion; B: Faba Bean, Grass, Safflower; C: Clover, Grass, Safflower, Faba Bean, Onion; D: Maize; and E: Wheat, were planted in 7 kg soil-containing pots with three replications. The seeds of different plants were planted per m2 surface of each pot, with the number of seeds per pot calculated depending on their sowing amount per hectare. Sixty days after planting, the plants were harvested by cutting 0.5 cm above the soil surface with scissors. In the second rotation experiment, after the harvest of the first rotation experiment, maize (Zea mays L.) was planted on the A, B, C, and D patterns, and wheat was planted on the E pattern. In the third rotation, wheat was sown on all pots after the second maize harvest. As a result of successive three-pot experiments on the same soils, were analyzed for the soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations. In general, treatments with Funneliformis mosseae followed by indigenous mycorrhiza spores led to an increase in soil OC concentration compared to control treatments. SOC concentrations in Havutlu and Arık soils were higher than those in Avadan soil. Avadan is a highly eroded soil and has high lime content, high pH, and low soil fertility. When consecutively planted trials are examined, the soil SOC concentration increased from the first trial to the last trial for all soils. The obtained SOC results seem to partially support the research hypothesis. The results revealed that poorly managed soil requires rehabilitations with various combinations of cover crops.