Background: Over the last decade, the expenditure on public medical and health has increased greatly in China, however, problems as low efficiency and unfairness still exist. How to accurately describe the effectiveness of existing medical and health resources in combination with regional heterogeneity is of great significance to China’s medical and health reform. Methods: Based on provincial panel data for the period of 2005 to 2017, combining expected output and unexpected output, this paper constructs a super-efficiency three-stage SBM-DEA model, to measure and analyze the spatial-temporal heterogeneity characteristics and influencing factors of public medical and health efficiency (PMHE). Results: (1) After the impacts of random error and external environmental factors are removed, the mean value of overall PMHE is 0.9274, failing to reach DEA efficiency, and PMHE shows a fluctuated downward trend. (2) The adjusted PMHE level shows a prominent spatial imbalance at the stage 3. The average efficiency level is ranked by the East > the West > the Central > the Northeast. (3) The increases of GDP per capita and population density are beneficial to the improvement of PMHE, while income level and education level are disadvantageous to PMHE, and last, the urbanization level, an uncertain effect. (4) There is no σ convergence of the PMHE in the East, the Central and the West, that is, the internal differences may gradually expand in the future, while the Northeast shows a significant σ convergence trending of PMHE. (5) The state’s allocation of medical and health resources has undergone major changes during “The Twelfth Five-Year Plan”. Conclusion: This study innovatively incorporates undesired outputs of health care into the efficiency evaluation framework by constructing the main efficiency evaluation indicators. The results of the robust evaluation conclude that China’s existing investment in medical and health resources is generally not effective. Therefore, although China’s health care reform has made certain achievement, it is still necessary to expand the investment in health care resources.

The global industrial chain and energy supply chain are being reconfigured at an accelerated pace, and the uncertainty of China’s energy supply security is growing significantly. Empowering energy supply chains through the digital economy ($diec$) has a positive effect on accelerating the transformation of China’s energy supply structure. This paper discusses the effect and mechanisms of the digital economy on energy supply chain efficiency ($esce$). Specifically, based on the panel data of 112 energy enterprises in China from 2011 to 2019, energy supply chain efficiency and digital economy at the enterprise level were evaluated through three-stage DEA and content analysis, respectively. A two-way fixed effects model and mediation effect mode were adopted to investigate the nexus of $diec$ and $esce$. The results show that the digital economy improves energy supply chain efficiency, and the conclusion holds water even after a series of robustness tests and endogenous treatment. Meanwhile, its promotion effect is more significant among large enterprises, non-state enterprises and enterprises in high market-oriented regions. The main impact mechanisms are regional industrial agglomeration and technological innovation of enterprises. Based on the above conclusions, it is suggested to take advantage of the industrial aggregation effect and technological innovation effect of the digital economy to further improve the efficiency of the energy supply chain for the purpose of maintaining energy supply security.