Pine wilt disease is a malady caused by a complex interaction of various factors such as pine wood nematodes, host plants, vector insects, associated fungi and bacteria, human economic and logistics activities, and environmental factors. The use of microorganisms to biologically control pine wilt disease is a potentially environmentally friendly means for the prevention and control of the disease. In this study, we carried out a systematic review of the progress in research on the biocontrol of pine wilt disease, by focusing on the pathogenic pine wood nematode, its vector beetle, and the host pine tree species. Then, we discuss the implementation prospects and research trends associated with the biocontrol of pine wood disease. This study provides reference information for the understanding and application of various biocontrol microorganisms in the prevention and control of pine wood disease and for the establishment of an environmentally friendly prevention and control strategy.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from endophytic fungi are becoming a potential antibiotic resource. The inhibitive effects of VOCs produced by an endophytic fungus in Leucaena leucocephala were investigated on plant pathogens in this study. Using standard morphological methods and multigene phylogeny, the fungus was identified as Diaporthe apiculatum strain FPYF 3052. Utilizing a two- compartment Petri plate bioassay method, the VOCs from this fungus showed bioactivity ranging from 23.8% to 66.7% inhibition on eight plant pathogens within 24 hours. The SPME-GC/MS technique identified fifteen volatile compounds with dominant terpenoids γ-terpinene (39.8%), α-terpinene (17.2%), and (-)-4-terpineol (8.4%) from the VOCs. Commercial α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, and (-)-4-terpineol demonstrated inhibition on the tested pathogens at concentrations from 0.2 to 1.0 µl/ml within 72 h in the bioassay system. The inhibition rates were from 28% to 100% percent using 1.0 µl/ml within 48 h. (-)-4-Terpineol was the most active of the terpenoids causing up to 100% inhibition. The data illustrate that these monoterpenes play an important role in the inhibitive bioactivity of the VOCs of D. apiculatum FPYF 3052. Most importantly, (-)-4-terpineol is now for the first time, reported to have capability of strong antifungal activity and could be developed as an antibiotic substance.

1,8-Cineole has a potential in control crop pests and biofuels. The endophytic fungus, Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050 ( Neolitsea pulchella ), can produce over 90% 1,8-cineole of relative area in its natural volatiles, possessed nematicide properties. The annotated genome of this strain will provide insights into potential application in biofumigation and terpene-based advanced biofuel.