The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Norm Activation Model (NAM) are often employed to examine behavioral intention, but the perspective and attribute differences of these two models have been largely neglected. This study applies TPB and NAM to analyze and compare the intention of trail tourists to undertake environmentally responsible behavior (ERB), which may directly affect the sustainability of the trail system and the surrounding areas. A survey research approach was employed, and 452 responses were collected from tourists in three national forest trails in China. Beginners and experienced trail tourists were also categorized in the study for comparison purposes. Structural equation modeling was utilized in data analysis. The results demonstrate that the TPB model and the NAM model, which represent rationality and morality perspective respectively, are both suitable in explaining the intention of trail tourists to undertake ERB. Comparatively, the TPB model’s rationality perspective shows applicability in explaining both beginner and experienced trail tourists’ intention of undertaking ERB, whereas the NAM morality model only applies to experienced trail tourists. The study provides insights into better understanding and promotion recommendations of ERB in national forest trails.

The aim of this systematic review was to identify personal profiles and type of sports associated with competitive anxiety in spots. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out from database. The published articles between 2007 and 2022 were selected for analysis after applying the inclusion criteria. The results show that gender, age, competitive level and educational level are associated with competitive anxiety. The individual sports and team sports are different in competitive anxiety. This review can be great help for coaches to consider these factors to design individualized psychological intervention for eliminating anxiety of athletes with disabilities.