The adsorption isotherm, the adsorption kinetics, and the thermodynamic parameters of ammonium removal from aqueous solution by using clinoptilolite in aqueous solution was investigated in this study. Experimental data obtained from batch equilibrium tests have been analyzed by four two-parameter (Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)) and four three-parameter (Redlich-Peterson (R-P), Sips, Toth and Khan) isotherm models. D-R and R-P isotherms were the models that best fitted to experimental data over the other two- and three-parameter models applied. The adsorption energy (E) from the D-R isotherm was found to be approximately 7 kJ/mol for the ammonium-clinoptilolite system, thereby indicating that ammonium is adsorbed on clinoptilolite by physisorption. Kinetic parameters were determined by analyzing the nth-order kinetic model, the modified second-order model and the double exponential model, and each model resulted in a coefficient of determination (R²) of above 0.989 with an average relative error lower than 5%. A Double Exponential Model (DEM) showed that the adsorption process develops in two stages as rapid and slow phase. Changes in standard free energy (∆G°), enthalpy (∆H°) and entropy (∆S°) of ammonium-clinoptilolite system were estimated by using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficients.

Road traffic noise influencing directly public health in the modern cities is a growing problem in both developing and developed countries. The objective of this study was to model traffic-induced noise in Antalya province, validate the model with noise emission data, and to run the model for the noise preventive scenarios. In this study, modeling of traffic-induced noise was performed using SoundPLAN® software at Gazi Boulevard in the city of Antalya. Calculations were made according to NMPB-Routes 96, which have been accepted by environmental noise legislation of the European Union and Turkey. Fundamental data sets such as geographical, topographical and meteorological data, building information and population, traffic network, traffic volume and vehicle speed, and composition of types of vehicle were utilized for the development of noise prediction model. Eight preventive scenarios to reduce traffic-induced noise levels were simulated using the validated model considering traffic flow measures such as types of vehicles, vehicle speeds, types of road surface, redirecting portion of heavy vehicles to alternative routes and noise barrier usage. Results showed that increase in heavy vehicle speeds in smooth road surface conditions caused more increase in exposures than that of light vehicle speed. It was highlighted that it would be appropriate to use porous road surface to reduce exposures on population on high-speed roads. Furthermore, the number of people that are exposed to noise is significantly reduced by precautions such as alternative routes for heavy vehicles and speed restriction. These precautions reduced noise exposures by 25.5–63.8%. The results showed that the usage of noise barrier at the alternative routes in case of porous asphalt road reduced population, dwellings, and area exposed to traffic noise which is greater than 75 dB(A) as 63.8, 40.5, and 60.0%, respectively. It could be concluded that the outcomes of the noise prediction models based on the generated scenarios could be used for the purpose of decision support system and could be helpful for decision-makers on the noise legislations.

In this study, two-phase olive-mill pomace with poultry manure and chopped tomato harvest stalks were composted at different initial carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios with fixed free air space of 35%. Composting experiment was carried out in the 15 aerobic reactors made of stainless steel and was monitored for 28 days. During the composting process, temperature, moisture content, organic matter (OM), pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, total carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen ( ), nitrate nitrogen ( ), and total phosphorus were monitored. Compost mass and volume changes were determined at the beginning, during remixings, and at the end of composting. While the stabilization period took less time for the mixtures containing a high amount of poultry manure, the mixtures having the high portion of two-phase olive-mill pomace took a longer time due to the structure of olive stone and its lignin content. Dry matter loss (range: 18.1–34.0%.) in the mixtures increased with an increase in the share of poultry manure and tomato stalks in the initial mixture. OM loss (range: 21.7–46.1%) for tomato stalks (measured separately) during composting increased due to an increase in the ratio of poultry manure in the initial mixtures. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Türkiye, elma ve elma işleme ürünleri, meyve üretim alanı ve üretim miktarları bakımından ilk on ülke arasında yer almaktadır. Dünyadaki elma üretimi çoğunlukla Çin, ABD ve Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilmektedir. Türkiye'de üretilen elmaların % 76,3'ü on ilde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu iller arasında ilk sırada yer alan Isparta'yı Niğde, Karaman ve Antalya takip etmektedir. Elma işleme endüstrisinin ön eleme-temizleme işlemlerinden kaynaklanan atıklar, işleme için uygun olmayan yapraklar, dallar ve meyvelerden oluşmaktadır. Elma işleme atığının yaklaşık % 20'si hayvan yemine katkı maddesi olarak kullanılmakta ve geri kalan % 80'i düzenli/düzensiz depolama ve yakma işlemleri ile bertaraf edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, elmanın ön işlemlerinden kaynaklanan atıkların fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri belirlenmiş ve bu atıkların bertarafı için stratejilerin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan katı atık örnekleri, Isparta'da faaliyet gösteren Elmataş Göller Bölgesi Meyve ve Sebze Değerlendirme Şirketi'nden alınmıştır. Elde edilen örnekler su muhtevası, birim hacim ağırlığı (BHA), serbest boşluk oranı (FAS), organik madde (OM) içeriği, pH ve elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) değerleri, C/N oranı, amonyum ve nitrat değişimleri açısından analiz edilmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Elma işleme işleminden önce ve işlem sırasında aşırı su kullanılmaktadır. Elma işleme endüstrisi ön eleme-temizleme atıklarında yapılan deneylerde su içeriği % 82,5, BHA 0,78 kg/l, FAS % 30,46, OM içeriği % 94,62, pH 4,12, EC 1,05 dS/m ve C/N oranı 30 olarak bulunmuştur. Elma işleme endüstrisi ön eleme-temizleme atıklarının organik madde ve su muhtevası yüksek, pH değeri ise düşüktür. Bu atıkların bitkisel ve hayvansal kaynaklı diğer atıklar ile uygun oranlarda karıştırılarak değerlendirilmesi mümkündür. Buna göre kompostlama ve anaerobik arıtım yöntemleri alternatif bertaraf yöntemleri olarak görünmektedir.