Background: Periodontal diseases are one of the most prevalent oral diseases globally, with increasing incidence rates in recent years. This study aims to analyze the global burden and epidemiological trends of periodontal diseases from 1990 to 2021, and to forecast trends through 2040.Methods: Data on incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of periodontal diseases were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. The analysis evaluated the global, regional, and national burden of periodontal diseases, conducted a decomposition analysis based on population growth, aging, and epidemiological changes, and examined the association between the sociodemographic index (SDI) and disease burden, and projected trends through 2040.Results: In 2021, global estimates indicated 89,613,534 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 79,069,091–101,005,642) incident cases, 1,066,953,744 (95% UI: 896,546,186–1,234,839,287) prevalent cases, and 6,903,284 (95% UI: 2,772,284–14,106,182) DALYs due to periodontal diseases. South Asia demonstrated the highest number and age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs. Between 1990 and 2021, the ASR of prevalence and DALYs increased slightly, while the ASR of incidence remained stable worldwide. Population growth and aging were the primary contributors to changes in disease burden. A significant negative correlation was observed between the SDI and the periodontal diseases burden. Projections from 2022 to 2040 indicate annual increases in both the number and ASR of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs for periodontal diseases.Conclusions: Periodontal diseases remain a substantial global health challenge, characterized by rising incidence, prevalence, and DALYs. These findings underscore the urgent need to implement effective prevention strategies and integrate oral health services into primary care, particularly in regions with low to middle SDI, to reduce the escalating burden.

Objective: The aim of this review is to evaluate the different medicinal interventions available for the management of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Materials and methods: We conducted a comprehensive electronic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for articles related to OSF patients treated with medications from December 2011 to September 2022. GRADE system was used to evaluate the evidence quality. The reporting of the systematic review is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The main outcomes were the improvement of maximum mouth opening, burning sensation, cheek flexibility, and tongue protrusion. Results: Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs), five clinical trials (CCTs) were included, and the use of drugs for OSF treatment were evaluated. Drugs like steroids, hyaluronidase, pentoxifylline, lycopene, curcumin, dpirulina, aloe vera, omega3, oxitard, allicin, colchicine have been used. It was found that drugs with evidence high quality were salvia miltiorrhiza combined with triamcinolone acetonide, lycopene, pentoxifylline, curcumin, and aloe vera, and those with evidence moderate quality were allicin, colchicine, omega 3, and oxitard. Conclusion: Based on the results of our comprehensive analysis, for long-term treatment, we found lycopene with low side effects, whereas for relieving the symptoms of severe burning sensation, aloe vera is the most effective. Although the recent review has made some progress, drug therapy for OSF remains unclear, and more high-quality RCTs are needed to identify better treatments for OSF.

Background: This study was performed to systematically review the efficacy of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection combined with steroids in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis. Methods: We searched 9 databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Embase, The Cochrane Library, WanFang Data, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Chinese Scientific Journals Full-text Database (VIP). Randomized controlled trials were collected to study the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis by S miltiorrhiza injection combined with steroids. Each database was searched from inception to November 2018. RevMan 5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis. Results: In total, 13 randomized controlled trials involving 1190 patients were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared with conventional treatment, S miltiorrhiza injection combined with steroids could significantly increase the maximal mouth opening [mean difference (MD), 0.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16–0.30; P <.0001], decrease the oral mucosal lesion area (MD, −1.35; 95% CI, −2.46 to −0.25; P = .02), improve the subjective symptom burning sensation (MD, −0.77; 95% CI, −1.38 to −0.16; P = .01), and reduce adverse drug reactions (risk ratio, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14–0.49; P <.0001). Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis from current evidence showed that compared with conventional treatment, S miltiorrhiza injection combined with steroid could significantly improve the maximal mouth opening and the subjective symptom burning sensation as well as decrease the oral mucosal lesion area without increasing adverse effects.

Osteoclast differentiation and activation pathways drive abnormally enhanced bone resorption in osteosarcoma, and have thus emerged as potential therapeutic targets for this malignancy. However, the diagnostic value of osteoclast differentiation‑related genes (ODRGs) in osteosarcoma remains largely uncharacterized. The present study first analyzed the expression profiles of ODRGs in osteosarcoma using multiple Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Analysis of single cell RNA‑sequencing data from osteosarcoma tissues demonstrated that colony‑stimulating factor‑1 receptor (CSF1R), a key ODRG, was widely expressed in osteoblasts and monocyte/macrophage lineages within the osteosarcoma microenvironment. Subgroup analysis further revealed that patients with osteosarcoma in the low‑CSF1R expression group exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors compared with those in the high‑CSF1R expression group. Furthermore, pan‑cancer analysis across The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets demonstrated that CSF1R expression was aberrantly regulated in multiple tumor types and strongly correlated with the expression levels of immune checkpoint markers and the infiltration levels of immune cells. Functional validation experiments confirmed that treatment with CSF1R‑specific inhibitors significantly reduced the viability of the MG63 and Saos‑2 cell lines. To identify novel, natural‑product‑derived CSF1R inhibitors, structure‑based virtual screening was combined with in vitro experimental assays (CCK‑8 and western blotting). Among the validated candidates, sarsasapogenin, a compound identified from the screen, effectively suppressed CSF1R protein expression and inhibited the proliferation of both MG63 and Saos‑2 cells in a dose‑dependent manner. Collectively, the present findings highlight CSF1R as a clinically promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.

Background Lip and oral cavity cancer is a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence rates in recent years. Understanding epidemiological trends and their associated risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and management. Aim This study aimed to analyze global, regional, and national trends in lip and oral cavity cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021 to assess key risk factors and sociodemographic influences to support clinical pharmacy interventions and improve patient outcomes. Method Lip and oral cavity cancer burden was analyzed by location, age, and sex. Joinpoint regression assessed trends, Spearman correlation measured sociodemographic index (SDI) associations, and decomposition analysis quantified population growth, aging, and epidemiological impacts. Cross-country disparities and risk factors were also evaluated. Results In 2021, there were 421,577 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 389,879–449,782) new lip and oral cavity cancer cases, 208,379 (95% UI: 191,288–224,162) deaths, and 5,874,070 (95% UI: 5,326,986–6,347,557) DALYs globally, with the highest burden in South Asia. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased significantly, while the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate slightly declined. Men and older adults had higher rates, but the increase was more pronounced in women and younger populations. ASIR correlated positively with SDI, while cross-country inequalities persisted, particularly in low-SDI regions. The contribution of tobacco chewing to lip and oral cavity cancer deaths and DALYs slightly increased. Conclusion The incidence of lip and oral cavity cancer continues to increase, with a shifting burden on younger individuals and women. Targeted interventions to reduce risk factors and improve access to healthcare are essential for high-risk populations and regions.