From 9 to 11 August 2019, the southeast coastal areas of China were hit by Typhoon Lekima, which caused a large number of shallow landslides. The typhoon resulted in a maximum rainfall of 402 mm during 3 days in Ningguo City. In this study, satellite images were acquired before and after the rainfall and visual interpretation was used to identify 414 shallow landslides in Ningguo City, and a complete database of shallow landslides caused by the typhoon-induced rainfall in Ningguo City was created. Nine landslide-influencing factors were selected—elevation, slope, aspect, strata, distance to faults, distance to rivers, distance to roads, normalized vegetation difference index, and rainfall—and the relationships between the rainfall-induced landslide distribution and the influencing factors were analyzed. The Bayesian probability method was combined with a logistic regression model to establish a landslide probability map for the study area. The real probabilities of landslide occurrence in the study area under five different rainfall conditions were calculated, and probability maps of landslide occurrence were drawn. The results of this study provide a reference for disaster prevention and reduction of typhoon rainstorm landslides in the southeast coastal areas of China and a future basis for decision making by the Ningguo government departments before a typhoon rainstorm occurs.