The social acceptability of wind farms has been researched for several decades now, with the first research tracing back to the 1980s. This paper aims to deliver a literature review within the structural framework proposed by the paper of variables influencing the acceptability of wind farms. The large amount of research published on the social acceptability of wind farms requires an effort to identify and categorise variables to deliver a holistic understanding of opposition and support to wind energy. We classify the variables into three main categories: first, ‘psychological variables’, including perceived benefits and costs, emotions, and attitudes; second, ‘contextual variables’, including community energy schemes and media influence; and finally, third, ‘personal resources’, including income or wealth, place of residence, and relevant knowledge in relation to the wind farm. In agreement with other scholars, we argue that NIMBYism (not in my backyard) is an outdated and simplistic explanation for opposition to wind farms. Instead, we provide a theoretical framework to explain the acceptability of wind energy and show how these variables might influence both acceptance and opposition.

Introduction: In Norway, despite ambitious goals for a low-carbon society, the extensive extraction of fossil fuels persists, accompanied by widespread climate skepticism. Wind energy is proposed as a solution but faces resistance.Methods: This study examines the experiences of both developers and opponents of wind energy through qualitative interviews. Using appraisal theory, we classify emotional reactions, finding sadness and disgust as the most prominent negative emotions.Results and discussion: Additionally, fear and frustration were prevalent, reflecting tensions between wind energy and individual values. Emotional reactions vary widely and suggest that opposition to wind energy is multifaceted. Opponents exhibit stronger emotional responses, while developers, representing business interests, show less intense emotions. We identified 23 key triggers for these emotions, which often can be seen as disruptions caused by the development of wind energy. Engagement, comprising cognitive, affective, and behavioral elements, is essential to addressing these conflicts. Early engagement gives stakeholders the opportunity to influence the process, thereby reducing the conflict level. This highlights the need for earlier and more inclusive engagement processes to foster meaningful dialog and uphold democratic principles.