This study reports on a literature review of the leguminous tree Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr which is found in the N'djamena region, the Republic of Chad. The study focused on S. sesbans medicinal and ethnomedicinal uses, biological features, and phytochemical constituents to assist in future evaluations. A literature review was conducted using academic websites, such as Science Direct and Springer, online international plant databases, and data from national herbaria. S. sesban is a perennial shrub or tree that measures 3-4m in height. This species is becoming rare in N'djamena but can be found in the rainy season, while in winter, it occurs mainly in ponds (called the Chadian dialect Bouta) and on the shores of the Chari and Logone rivers. The local inhabitants in Chad use the species as medicine, livestock feed, and fuelwood and for improving soil fertility and repelling desert encroachment. Traditional healers use its leaves to treat breast cancer and edema. S. sesban is an essential species native to the Republic of Chad that needs conservation and valorization. Viewing its importance and rarity in Ndjamena , a strategy for replanting the species in gardens, homes, and fields around N'djamena and other regions of Chad is recommended.

This study focuses on extracting oil from the seeds of the Azadirachta indica species A. Juss, known in Chad as mim or neem, utilizing a cold-press extraction method. It aims to characterize the oil's chemical composition through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and evaluate its antibacterial efficacy using the well diffusion and microdilution techniques. The antibacterial potential was assessed against four food-borne pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and a soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. The results from the GC-MS analysis indicated a predominant presence of fatty alcohols, notably Stigmasta-3,5-diene (49.00%), a steroid alcohol, and Tetradecen-11-yn-1-ol (35.37%), a long-chain fatty alcohol. Additionally, lesser quantities of compounds such as (E, E)-7,11,15-Trimethyl-3-methylene-hexadeca-1,6,10,14-tetraene (a diterpene) at 9.68%, Squalene (a triterpene) at 1.77%, and 2,4,4-Trimethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-5a-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-cyclohexene (a sesquiterpene) at 4.19% were identified. The analysis showed that neem oil is rich in fatty alcohols and phytosterols, with lower terpenes and phenolic compounds. It showed no significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. This suggests that from cold-press extraction, neem oil may not effectively combat food-borne pathogens and soil bacteria due to its fatty alcohol and phytosterol content, along with the bacteria's resistance. Increasing the concentration of crude oil in the antibacterial test could lead to positive results. The findings indicate a need for further research to isolate stronger antibacterial molecules in neem oil by separating its components, focusing on extraction methods and solvent polarity.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the phytochemical screening, characterize the chemical composition, and determine the antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (known in Chad as Mim or Neem) leaf extracts from the Republic of Chad. Methods: Leaf extracts were obtained using Soxhlet extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out through qualitative tests. The chemical composition was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method, and the inhibitory zone diameters were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined using the microdilution method. The bacterial strains tested included Gram+: Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sp., and Staphylococcus aureus; as well as Gram-: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, and Salmonella sp. Results: The qualitative tests indicated the presence of several compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates and alkaloids, all known to exhibit antibacterial properties. The HPLC-MS analysis of the ethanol leaf extracts identified diethyl phthalate as the major compound, comprising 92.31% of the extract. Additionally, minor compounds were detected, including phytol at 1.68%. Diethyl phthalate is an organic compound well-known for its significant antimicrobial properties. In the HPLC-MS analysis of the water leaf extracts, several promising phenolic compounds were revealed. These included butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 28.12%, benzoic acid at 5.61%, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol at 3.45%, eugenol at 2.12%, vanillin at 1.17%, 1,2-benzenediol at 0.62%, and phenylacetic acid at 0.46%. The HPLC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extracts revealed major effective compounds, including benzenamine N N-dimethyl- (14.69%), phytol (7.75%), 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexamethyl-3-((trimethylsilyl)oxy) trisiloxane (7.52%), linolenic acid methyl ester (ME) (6.73%), palmitic acid (ME) (hexadecanoic acid) (6.72%), and bistrimethylsilyl N acetyl eicosasphinga-4,11-dienine (4.91%). The study showed significant antibacterial activity against all tested Gram-positive strains, with inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) ranging from 10 ± 1.00 mm to 15 ± 1.00 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 0.06 to 0.50 mg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were higher than 0.5 mg/mL. No antibacterial activity was detected against any Gram-negative strains. Conclusion: The detected compounds may have significant therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the observed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains supports the traditional medicinal uses of this plant in the Republic of Chad.

Azadirachta indica , commonly known as neem or Mim in Chad, is recognized for its significant biological activities and is used for medicinal purposes. This study quantifies phenolic content, analyzes chemical composition via high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and evaluates the antioxidant activity of Mim leaf extracts with ethanol (ELE) and water (WLE). The analysis identified bioactive compounds with strong radical scavenging activity and conducted in silico studies by molecular docking with AutoDock Tools. Crystal structures were sourced from the Protein Data Bank, and the Swiss absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion platform analyzed the pharmacokinetic properties. Results indicated that WLE had a higher phenolic content (264.7 ± 0.03 µg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/mg) compared to ELE (135.3 ± 0.05 µg GAE/mg). Flavonoid content was greater in ELE (138.33 ± 0.002 µg catechin equivalent [CE]/mg) than in WLE (83.38 ± 0.002 µg CE/mg). Major compounds identified through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry included diethyl phthalate in ELE (92.31%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in WLE (28.12%). Antioxidant activities measured by 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and ferric-reducing power assays showed promising results for both extracts. BHT demonstrated a better affinity for glutathione reductase and lipoxygenases, while vanillin showed a strong affinity for cyclooxygenase. Most compounds exhibited high intestinal absorption and are not P-glycoprotein substrates, indicating potential for oral medication. Finally, Mim extracts contain diverse compounds that contribute to their notable antioxidant activity.

This study reports on a literature review of the leguminous tree Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr is found in the N'Djamena region, the Republic of Chad. The study focused on S. sesban’s medicinal and ethnomedicinal uses, biological features, and phytochemical constituents to assist in future evaluations. A literature review was conducted using academic websites, such as Science Direct and Springer, online international plant databases, and data from national herbaria. S. sesban is a perennial shrub or tree that measures 3–4 meters in height. This species is becoming rare in Ndjamena but can be found in the rainy season, while in winter, the species occurs mainly in ponds (called in the Chadian dialect "Bouta"), and in the shores of the Chari and Logone rivers. The local inhabitants in Chad use the species as medicine, livestock feed, fuelwood, and for improving soil fertility and repelling desert encroachment. Traditional healers use its leaves to treat breast cancer and edema. S. sesban is an essential species native to the Republic of Chad that needs conservation and valorization. Viewing its importance and rarity in N’Djamena, a strategy for replanting the species in gardens, homes, and fields around Ndjamena and other regions of Chad is recommended.

Hepatozoon canis is the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis that results in lethargy and severe anemia during acute infection in dogs. In this investigation, 654 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy dogs in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces in Pakistan and screened for the presence of H. canis . Phylogenetic diversity of the detected H. canis DNA, infection‐associated risk factors and parasite‐induced alterations in the host's complete blood count were also evaluated. PCR‐based screening confirmed the H. canis infection in 48 out of 654 (7.3%) dog blood samples. The presence of this apicomplexan protozoa was confirmed through Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the H. canis 18S rRNA gene showed that the sequences generated in this study clustered closely with isolates previously reported from India, Australia, Iran, Zambia, China, Spain, and Brazil. The risk factor assessment indicated that parasite prevalence differed significantly between the sampling sites but did not vary between the dog breeds, animal sex, and the presence or lack of ecto‐parasitic infestation in dogs. Reduced hematocrit levels were recorded in H. canis infected dogs. In conclusion, H. canis was prevalent among the dogs in surveyed regions of Pakistan, with infection rates varying significantly among sampling districts. Furthermore, infected dogs exhibited reduced hematocrit levels, suggesting that H. canis infection may contribute to hematological alterations even in apparently healthy animals.