Experimental results are presented in support of the use of bulk current injection (BCI) as an alternative technique to unit-level radiated susceptibility (RS) verifications up to 1 GHz. The rationale for the correlation of BCI/RS test levels is grounded in the concept of overtesting (OT), which quantifies the excess of disturbances injected by BCI with respect to RS. Previous works showed that OT is a random variable, owing to unknown and uncontrolled setup parameters including the common-mode impedance of the equipment under test. The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of OT was shown to be predictable, by means of reasonable statistical assumptions and simple circuit models. This paper fills the gap between that simplified theoretical analysis and the complexity of real-world test setups. To this aim, an ad hoc structure mimicking typical wiring harness and equipment for aerospace applications is tested with BCI and RS to collect several results in terms of power injected/induced in the terminal units. The obtained datasets are processed to infer the empirical cdf of OT. Results are compared with theoretical predictions and properly discussed to point out the correlation between BCI and RS achieved in different test cases (vertical/horizontal antenna polarization, unshielded/shielded cables).

In this article, a systematic procedure to derive equivalent circuit networks accurately reproducing the frequency response of the input impedance of magnetic cores in a broad frequency range is presented. The proposed procedure foresees to represent the effective complex permeability spectra of a magnetic core (i.e., the permeability resulting from the superposition of intrinsic material properties and effects due to structural features of the core) by a high-order Debye series expansion, which is subsequently synthesized into suitable Foster and Cauer networks. Such networks can be implemented in any circuit simulator, and are particularly favorable for time-domain transient simulation since they can be easily combined with hysteresis models. Two nanocrystalline tape-wound cores and a commercial bulk current injection probe are used as test cases to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method both in terms of accuracy and ease of implementation.

In this letter, a pulse current injection (PCI) setup involving a pulse generator with adjustable parameters is designed and modeled in SPICE. In order to allow causal and accurate time-domain simulation, the circuit model makes use of an augmented network to approximate the non-rational frequency response of the injection probe. The obtained SPICE model is preliminary validated by measurement for different sets of values of the pulse-generator parameters. Afterward, an explicative example of radiated test setup is considered. The stress waveform induced at the points of entry of the equipment under test by radiation (evaluated either by theoretical prediction or by measurement in a low-level radiation environment) is taken as reference to prove the effectiveness of the proposed PCI-setup model in identifying the values of the generator parameters required to reproduce the same disturbance by PCI.

In this work, an enhanced model of injection probes for bulk current injection (BCI) is proposed, allowing for circuit simulation of BCI test setups involving complex wiring harnesses. Accuracy of the proposed model is assessed by means of electromagnetic (EM) full-wave simulation of different wiring structures comprising a large number of conductors. To this end, a virtual calibration setup, including an EM model of the injection device mounted on the calibration jig provided by the probe manufacturer, is preliminary developed and validated versus measurement data. The model is then used to investigate the main factors influencing RF noise injection in practical BCI setups. Particularly, it is used to predict the significantly different levels of noise measured at the terminations of each wire in the bundle during the BCI test, as well as to provide such differences with an explanation in terms of characteristics of the wiring harness, positioning of each conductor in the bundle with respect to the others, equivalent common mode impedance of the terminal networks.

Due to the widespread integration of renewable energy sources connected to AC and DC power systems by means of power electronics converters, electromagnetic noise propagates along lines, and metallic earth-return structures. EMI filters are commonly used to mitigate the common mode and differential mode noise at the interface of distribution lines, and their suppression characteristics are usually assessed in standard test setups, the impedances of which are, however, scarcely representative of real-world applications. In this paper, an online, inductively coupled impedance measurement method is proposed. A sensitivity analysis to highlight the benefits of the proposed setup and experimental verification is performed. The proposed method enables non-intrusive impedance measurement in energized systems, including power converters. These measures, in turn, allow the evaluation of modal insertion losses of EMI filters in real-world operating conditions. The three-phase example considered in this study shows significant deviations from manufacturer specifications, thus justifying the need for more advanced estimation techniques.