Withania somnifera is a wild plant that shows great activity and safety against several human diseases. The current research explored the plant's chemical composition and allelopathic effects on Rumex dentatus (recipient plant). Moreover, anticancer activity is also tested against four types of human cancer cell lines. Chemical analysis of W. somnifera showed a high percentage of saponins and tannins, while glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids occurred in the second order. Results of the allelopathic experiments revealed significant inhibition of the R. dentatus plumule and radicle lengths as well as their relative dry weights. In addition, significant reductions in some primary metabolites of R. dentatus, like non-reducing and total sugar as well as soluble proteins, were determined. Cytotoxic potentiality of W. somnifera was also proved against four different cancer lines, namely; human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549), human breast cancer cell line (MCF7), and colon cancer cell line (CaCo2) with IC₅₀ value of about 38, 19, 27, and 24 𝜇g/ml, respectively.

Introduction: The process of green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is considered to be eco-friendly and cost-effective.Methods: In this study, bimetallic Ag@Se-P and Ag@Se-S nanoparticles were synthesized successfully using Parkinsonia aculeata aerial parts and seed extracts. The phytochemical contents in P. aculeata aerial parts and seed aqueous extract serve as reducing and stabilizing capping agents without the need for any chemical stabilization additive in the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles.Result and Discussion: The obtained results from UV-vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the successful synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles with cluster irregular spherical morphology, crystalline nature, and average particle sizes of 17.65 and 24.36 nm for Ag@Se-S and Ag@Se-P, respectively. The cytotoxicity assessment of greenly synthesized nanomaterials using seed and plant extracts showed cell inhibition >50 μg/mL. Ag@Se-S and Ag@Se-P seed and plant extracts significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammation, which was assessed by NO and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The mRNA and protein expression levels of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) were significantly overexpressed in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell lines. Ag@Se-S and Ag@Se-P downregulated the expression of PI3K and NFkB in LPS-induced cell models.

Salt stress poses a significant threat to wheat productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as Egypt, where soil salinity severely limits crop yield and long-term agricultural sustainability. With increasing recognition of the plant-associated microbiome as a key component of crop resilience, this study investigated the potential of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and plant–microbe interactions to alleviate salt-induced stress in two contrasting Egyptian wheat cultivars: the salt-tolerant Sakha 93 and the salt-sensitive Sids1. Bacterial isolates from both rhizospheric and endophytic niches were collected from saline-irrigated wheat and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Functional characterization identified Pseudomonas stutzeri and Pantoea agglomerans as promising PGPB candidates based on their ability to produce indole acetic acid, ACC deaminase, and siderophores, fix nitrogen, and tolerate high salinity. In greenhouse trials under salinity gradients (0–15 dS/m), both strains improved wheat growth metrics, though Pantoea agglomerans , particularly in Sakha 93, led to significant increases in biomass, root length, seed yield, and proline content. Pseudomonas stutzeri showed beneficial but comparatively moderate effects. These results suggest that endophytic PGPB, especially under saline conditions, may confer enhanced stress tolerance due to superior colonization and physiological modulation. The findings support the use of halotolerant microbial bioinoculants in combination with salt-tolerant genotypes as a viable strategy to enhance wheat resilience and productivity in saline environments.