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Characterizing the future risks of climate change is a key goal of climate impacts analysis. Temperature binning provides a framework for analyzing sector-specific impacts by degree of warming as an alternative or complement to traditional scenario-based approaches in order to improve communication of results, comparability between studies, and flexibility to facilitate scenario analysis. In this study, we estimate damages for nine climate impact sectors within the contiguous United States (US) using downscaled climate projections from six global climate models, at integer degrees of US national warming. Each sector is analyzed based on socioeconomic conditions for both the beginning and the end of the century. The potential for adaptive measures to decrease damages is also demonstrated for select sectors; differences in damages across adaptation response scenarios within some sectors can be as much as an order of magnitude. Estimated national damages from these sectors based on a reactive adaptation assumption and 2010 socioeconomic conditions range from $600 million annually per degree of national warming for winter recreation to $8 billion annually per degree of national warming for labor impacts. Results are also estimated per degree of global temperature change and for 2090 socioeconomic conditions.
Marcus C. Sarofim; Jeremy Martinich; James E. Neumann; Jacqueline Willwerth; Zoe Kerrich; Michael Kolian; Charles Fant; Corinne Hartin. A temperature binning approach for multi-sector climate impact analysis. Climatic Change 2021, 165, 1 -18.
AMA StyleMarcus C. Sarofim, Jeremy Martinich, James E. Neumann, Jacqueline Willwerth, Zoe Kerrich, Michael Kolian, Charles Fant, Corinne Hartin. A temperature binning approach for multi-sector climate impact analysis. Climatic Change. 2021; 165 (1-2):1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcus C. Sarofim; Jeremy Martinich; James E. Neumann; Jacqueline Willwerth; Zoe Kerrich; Michael Kolian; Charles Fant; Corinne Hartin. 2021. "A temperature binning approach for multi-sector climate impact analysis." Climatic Change 165, no. 1-2: 1-18.
This study presents a screening-level analysis of the impacts of climate change on electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure of the U.S. In particular, the model identifies changes in performance and longevity of physical infrastructure such as power poles and transformers, and quantifies these impacts in economic terms. This analysis was evaluated for the contiguous U.S, using five general circulation models (GCMs) under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios, to analyze changes in damage and cost from the baseline period to the end of the century with three different adaptation strategies. Total infrastructure costs were found to rise considerably, with annual climate change expenditures increasing by as much as 25%. The results demonstrate that climate impacts will likely be substantial, though this analysis only captures a portion of the total potential impacts. A proactive adaptation strategy resulted in the expected costs of climate change being reduced by as much as 50% by 2090, compared to a scenario without adaptation. Impacts vary across the contiguous U.S. with the highest impacts in parts of the Southeast and Northwest. Improvements and extensions to this analysis would help better inform climate resiliency policies and utility-level planning for the future.
Charles Fant; Brent Boehlert; Kenneth Strzepek; Peter Larsen; Alisa White; Sahil Gulati; Yue Li; Jeremy Martinich. Climate change impacts and costs to U.S. electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure. Energy 2020, 195, 116899 .
AMA StyleCharles Fant, Brent Boehlert, Kenneth Strzepek, Peter Larsen, Alisa White, Sahil Gulati, Yue Li, Jeremy Martinich. Climate change impacts and costs to U.S. electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure. Energy. 2020; 195 ():116899.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles Fant; Brent Boehlert; Kenneth Strzepek; Peter Larsen; Alisa White; Sahil Gulati; Yue Li; Jeremy Martinich. 2020. "Climate change impacts and costs to U.S. electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure." Energy 195, no. : 116899.
The adequacy of freshwater resources remains a critical challenge for a sustainable and growing society. We present a self-consistent risk-based assessment of water availability and use under future climate change and socioeconomic growth by midcentury across southern and eastern Asia (SEA). We employ large ensemble scenarios from an integrated modeling framework that are consistent across the spectrum of regional climate, population, and economic projections. We find socioeconomic growth contributes to an increase in water stress across the entire ensemble. However, climate change drives the ensemble central tendency toward an increase in water stress in China but a reduction in India, with a considerable spread across the ensemble. Nevertheless, the most deleterious unabated climate-change impact is a low probability but salient extreme increase in water stress over China and India. In these outcomes, annual withdrawals will routinely exceed water-storage capacity. A modest greenhouse gas mitigation pathway eliminates the likelihood of these extreme outcomes and also benefits hundreds of millions of people at risk to various levels of water stress increase. Over SEA we estimate an additional 200 million people under threat of facing at least heavily water-stressed conditions from climate change and socioeconomic growth, but the mitigation scenario reduces the additional population-under-threat by 30% (60 million). Nevertheless, there remains a 1-in-2 chance that 100 million people across SEA experience a 50% increase in water stress and a 1-in-10 chance they experience a doubling of water stress. Therefore, widespread adaptive measures may be required over the coming decades to meet these unavoidable risks in water shortfalls.
Xiang Gao; C Adam Schlosser; Charles Fant; Kenneth Strzepek. The impact of climate change policy on the risk of water stress in southern and eastern Asia. Environmental Research Letters 2018, 13, 064039 .
AMA StyleXiang Gao, C Adam Schlosser, Charles Fant, Kenneth Strzepek. The impact of climate change policy on the risk of water stress in southern and eastern Asia. Environmental Research Letters. 2018; 13 (6):064039.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiang Gao; C Adam Schlosser; Charles Fant; Kenneth Strzepek. 2018. "The impact of climate change policy on the risk of water stress in southern and eastern Asia." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 6: 064039.
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have serious adverse effects on human and environmental health. Herein, we developed a modeling framework that predicts the effect of climate change on cyanobacteria concentrations in large reservoirs in the contiguous U.S. The framework, which uses climate change projections from five global circulation models, two greenhouse gas emission scenarios, and two cyanobacterial growth scenarios, is unique in coupling climate projections with a hydrologic/water quality network model of the contiguous United States. Thus, it generates both regional and nationwide projections useful as a screening-level assessment of climate impacts on CyanoHAB prevalence as well as potential lost recreation days and associated economic value. Our projections indicate that CyanoHAB concentrations are likely to increase primarily due to water temperature increases tempered by increased nutrient levels resulting from changing demographics and climatic impacts on hydrology that drive nutrient transport. The combination of these factors results in the mean number of days of CyanoHAB occurrence ranging from about 7 days per year per waterbody under current conditions, to 16–23 days in 2050 and 18–39 days in 2090. From a regional perspective, we find the largest increases in CyanoHAB occurrence in the Northeast U.S., while the greatest impacts to recreation, in terms of costs, are in the Southeast.
Steven C. Chapra; Brent Boehlert; Charles Fant; Jr. Victor J. Bierman; Jim Henderson; David Mills; Diane M. L. Mas; Lisa Rennels; Lesley Jantarasami; Jeremy Martinich; Kenneth M. Strzepek; Hans W. Paerl. Climate Change Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in U.S. Freshwaters: A Screening-Level Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51, 8933 -8943.
AMA StyleSteven C. Chapra, Brent Boehlert, Charles Fant, Jr. Victor J. Bierman, Jim Henderson, David Mills, Diane M. L. Mas, Lisa Rennels, Lesley Jantarasami, Jeremy Martinich, Kenneth M. Strzepek, Hans W. Paerl. Climate Change Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in U.S. Freshwaters: A Screening-Level Assessment. Environmental Science & Technology. 2017; 51 (16):8933-8943.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteven C. Chapra; Brent Boehlert; Charles Fant; Jr. Victor J. Bierman; Jim Henderson; David Mills; Diane M. L. Mas; Lisa Rennels; Lesley Jantarasami; Jeremy Martinich; Kenneth M. Strzepek; Hans W. Paerl. 2017. "Climate Change Impacts on Harmful Algal Blooms in U.S. Freshwaters: A Screening-Level Assessment." Environmental Science & Technology 51, no. 16: 8933-8943.
We present maize production in sub-Saharan Africa as a case study in the exploration of how uncertainties in global climate change, as reflected in projections from a range of climate model ensembles, influence climate impact assessments for agriculture. The crop model AquaCrop-OS (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) was modified to run on a 2° × 2° grid and coupled to 122 climate model projections from multi-model ensembles for three emission scenarios (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 [CMIP3] SRES A1B and CMIP5 Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] scenarios 4.5 and 8.5) as well as two “within-model” ensembles (NCAR CCSM3 and ECHAM5/MPI-OM) designed to capture internal variability (i.e., uncertainty due to chaos in the climate system). In spite of high uncertainty, most notably in the high-producing semi-arid zones, we observed robust regional and sub-regional trends across all ensembles. In agreement with previous work, we project widespread yield losses in the Sahel region and Southern Africa, resilience in Central Africa, and sub-regional increases in East Africa and at the southern tip of the continent. Spatial patterns of yield losses corresponded with spatial patterns of aridity increases, which were explicitly evaluated. Internal variability was a major source of uncertainty in both within-model and between-model ensembles and explained the majority of the spatial distribution of uncertainty in yield projections. Projected climate change impacts on maize production in different regions and nations ranged from near-zero or positive (upper quartile estimates) to substantially negative (lower quartile estimates), highlighting a need for risk management strategies that are adaptive and robust to uncertainty.
Amy L. Dale; Charles W Fant; Kenneth Strzepek; Megan Jeramaz Lickley; Susan Solomon. Climate model uncertainty in impact assessments for agriculture: A multi-ensemble case study on maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Earth's Future 2017, 5, 337 -353.
AMA StyleAmy L. Dale, Charles W Fant, Kenneth Strzepek, Megan Jeramaz Lickley, Susan Solomon. Climate model uncertainty in impact assessments for agriculture: A multi-ensemble case study on maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Earth's Future. 2017; 5 (3):337-353.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmy L. Dale; Charles W Fant; Kenneth Strzepek; Megan Jeramaz Lickley; Susan Solomon. 2017. "Climate model uncertainty in impact assessments for agriculture: A multi-ensemble case study on maize in sub-Saharan Africa." Earth's Future 5, no. 3: 337-353.
Climate change and freshwater quality are well-linked. Changes in climate result in changes in streamflow and rising water temperatures, which impact biochemical reaction rates and increase stratification in lakes and reservoirs. Using two water quality modeling systems (the Hydrologic and Water Quality System; HAWQS and US Basins), five climate models, and two greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies, we assess future water quality in the continental U.S. to 2100 considering four water quality parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Once these parameters are aggregated into a water quality index, we find that, while the water quality models differ under the baseline, there is more agreement between future projections. In addition, we find that the difference in national-scale economic benefits across climate models is generally larger than the difference between the two water quality models. Both water quality models find that water quality will more likely worsen in the East than in the West. Under the business-as-usual emissions scenario, we find that climate change is likely to cause economic impacts ranging from 1.2 to 2.3 (2005 billion USD/year) in 2050 and 2.7 to 4.8 in 2090 across all climate and water quality models.
Charles Fant; Raghavan Srinivasan; Brent Boehlert; Lisa Rennels; Steven C. Chapra; Kenneth M. Strzepek; Joel Corona; Ashley Allen; Jeremy Martinich. Climate Change Impacts on US Water Quality Using Two Models: HAWQS and US Basins. Water 2017, 9, 118 .
AMA StyleCharles Fant, Raghavan Srinivasan, Brent Boehlert, Lisa Rennels, Steven C. Chapra, Kenneth M. Strzepek, Joel Corona, Ashley Allen, Jeremy Martinich. Climate Change Impacts on US Water Quality Using Two Models: HAWQS and US Basins. Water. 2017; 9 (2):118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles Fant; Raghavan Srinivasan; Brent Boehlert; Lisa Rennels; Steven C. Chapra; Kenneth M. Strzepek; Joel Corona; Ashley Allen; Jeremy Martinich. 2017. "Climate Change Impacts on US Water Quality Using Two Models: HAWQS and US Basins." Water 9, no. 2: 118.
The mitigation of potential climate change while sustaining energy resources requires global attention and cooperation. Among the numerous strategies to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions is to decommission carbon intensive electricity production while increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies – such as wind and solar power generation. Yet the generation capacity, availability, and intermittency of these renewable energy sources are strongly climate dependent – and may also shift due to unavoidable human-induced change. In this study, we present a method, based on previous studies, that estimates the risk of climate-change on wind and solar resource potential. The assessment combines the risk-based climate projections from the Integrated Global Systems Model (IGSM), which considers emissions and global climate sensitivity uncertainty, with more regionally detailed climate information from 8 GCMs available from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP-3). Southern Africa, specifically those in the Southern African Development Countries (SADC), is used as a case study. We find a median change close to zero by 2050 in the long-term mean of both wind speed and Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), both used as indicators of changes in electricity production potential. Although the extreme possibilities range from about −15% to +15% change, these are associated with low probability. The most prominent effect of a modest climate mitigation policy is seen in the doubled likelihood of the mode of the distribution of wind power change. This increased likelihood is made at the expense of decreased likelihood in the large changes of the distribution, but these trade-offs with the more extreme likelihoods are not symmetric with respect to the modal change
Charles Fant; C. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek. The impact of climate change on wind and solar resources in southern Africa. Applied Energy 2016, 161, 556 -564.
AMA StyleCharles Fant, C. Adam Schlosser, Kenneth Strzepek. The impact of climate change on wind and solar resources in southern Africa. Applied Energy. 2016; 161 ():556-564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles Fant; C. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek. 2016. "The impact of climate change on wind and solar resources in southern Africa." Applied Energy 161, no. : 556-564.
The present study develops a reliability assessment method of wind resource using optimum reservoir target power operations that maximizes the firm generation of integrated wind and hydropower. A combination of water resources model for a system of reservoirs that implements a demand–priority based linear programing algorithm and a single node power grid system model is implemented on hourly time step. This model was accompanied by a global genetic algorithm solver to determine optimum operation targets for each storage reservoir aiming at maximizing the 90th percentile power generation produced by the integration of wind and hydro over the entire simulation period.This model was applied on the reservoir storages and hydropower system in the Zambezi river basin to test if the storage reservoirs could be efficiently be used to offset wind power intermittence in South Africa subjected to the different physical and policy constraints. Based on the optimized target operation and hourly annual real data for the year 2010, the water resources system and power interconnection system were simulated together to assess the maximum firm generation of power as a result of the new wind and hydro combination target for storage hydropower plants.The result obtained indicates that high regulation of wind and hydro can be achieved as a result of combined operation and showed 45% increase in the level of wind penetration in South Africa’s power system over the reference scenario. The result also indicated a reduced level of coal power utilization and less cycling requirement. This will have a positive outcome in terms contributing to South Africa’s goal toward reducing greenhouse gas emission and the efforts to build green energy supply and resilience to the impacts of climate change
Yohannes Gebretsadik; Charles Fant; Kenneth Strzepek; Channing Arndt. Optimized reservoir operation model of regional wind and hydro power integration case study: Zambezi basin and South Africa. Applied Energy 2016, 161, 574 -582.
AMA StyleYohannes Gebretsadik, Charles Fant, Kenneth Strzepek, Channing Arndt. Optimized reservoir operation model of regional wind and hydro power integration case study: Zambezi basin and South Africa. Applied Energy. 2016; 161 ():574-582.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohannes Gebretsadik; Charles Fant; Kenneth Strzepek; Channing Arndt. 2016. "Optimized reservoir operation model of regional wind and hydro power integration case study: Zambezi basin and South Africa." Applied Energy 161, no. : 574-582.
Climate change will have potentially significant effects on freshwater quality due to increases in river and lake temperatures, changes in the magnitude and seasonality of river runoff, and more frequent and severe extreme events. These physical impacts will in turn have economic consequences through effects on riparian development, river and reservoir recreation, water treatment, harmful aquatic blooms, and a range of other sectors. In this paper, we analyze the physical and economic effects of changes in freshwater quality across the contiguous U.S. in futures with and without global‐scale greenhouse gas mitigation. Using a water allocation and quality model of 2,119 river basins, we estimate the impacts of various projected emissions outcomes on several key water quality indicators, and monetize these impacts with a water quality index approach. Under mitigation, we find that water temperatures decrease considerably and that dissolved oxygen levels rise in response. We find that the annual economic impacts on water quality of a high emissions scenario rise from $1.4 billion in 2050 to $4 billion in 2100, leading to present value mitigation benefits, discounted at 3%, of approximately $17.5 billion over the 2015 to 2100 period. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Brent Boehlert; Kenneth M. Strzepek; Steven C. Chapra; Charles Fant; Yohannes Gebretsadik; Megan Lickley; Richard Swanson; Alyssa McCluskey; James E. Neumann; Jeremy Martinich. Climate change impacts and greenhouse gas mitigation effects on U.S. water quality. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 2015, 7, 1326 -1338.
AMA StyleBrent Boehlert, Kenneth M. Strzepek, Steven C. Chapra, Charles Fant, Yohannes Gebretsadik, Megan Lickley, Richard Swanson, Alyssa McCluskey, James E. Neumann, Jeremy Martinich. Climate change impacts and greenhouse gas mitigation effects on U.S. water quality. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 2015; 7 (3):1326-1338.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrent Boehlert; Kenneth M. Strzepek; Steven C. Chapra; Charles Fant; Yohannes Gebretsadik; Megan Lickley; Richard Swanson; Alyssa McCluskey; James E. Neumann; Jeremy Martinich. 2015. "Climate change impacts and greenhouse gas mitigation effects on U.S. water quality." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 7, no. 3: 1326-1338.
We consider the interplay of climate change impacts, global mitigation policies, and the interests of developing countries to 2050. Focusing on Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia, we employ a structural approach to biophysical and economic modeling that incorporates climate uncertainty and allows for rigorous comparison of climate, biophysical, and economic outcomes across global mitigation regimes. We find that effective global mitigation policies generate two sources of benefit. First, less distorted climate outcomes result in typically more favourable economic outcomes. Second, successful global mitigation policies reduce global fossil fuel producer prices, relative to unconstrained emissions, providing a substantial terms of trade boost to structural fuel importers. Combined, these gains are on the order of or greater than estimates of mitigation costs. These results highlight the interests of most developing countries in effective global mitigation policies, even in the relatively near term, with the likelihood of much larger benefits post 2050.
Channing Arndt; Paul Chinowsky; Charles Fant; Yohannes Gebretsadik; James E. Neumann; Sergey Paltsev; C. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek; Finn Tarp; James Thurlow. Climate change and developing country interests:Cases from the Zambezi River Basin. 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleChanning Arndt, Paul Chinowsky, Charles Fant, Yohannes Gebretsadik, James E. Neumann, Sergey Paltsev, C. Adam Schlosser, Kenneth Strzepek, Finn Tarp, James Thurlow. Climate change and developing country interests:Cases from the Zambezi River Basin. . 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChanning Arndt; Paul Chinowsky; Charles Fant; Yohannes Gebretsadik; James E. Neumann; Sergey Paltsev; C. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek; Finn Tarp; James Thurlow. 2015. "Climate change and developing country interests:Cases from the Zambezi River Basin." , no. : 1.
Changes in precipitation patterns associated with climate change may pose significant challenges for storm water management systems across the U.S. In particular, adapting these systems to more intense rainfall events will require significant investment, though no method currently exists for estimating the costs of these investments on a national scale. To support assessment of these costs at the national level, this paper presents a reduced-form approach for estimating changes in normalized flood depth (the volume of node flooding normalized by the area of the catchment) and the associated costs of flood prevention. This reduced form approach is calibrated to results generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for city-wide or neighborhood-level catchments in seven cities across the U.S. Estimates derived from this approach represent a reasonable approximation of storm water management adaptation costs and exhibit no systematic bias relative to results derived from SWMM.
Jason C. Price; Leonard Wright; Charles Fant; Kenneth M. Strzepek. Calibrated methodology for assessing climate change adaptation costs for urban drainage systems. Urban Water Journal 2014, 13, 331 -344.
AMA StyleJason C. Price, Leonard Wright, Charles Fant, Kenneth M. Strzepek. Calibrated methodology for assessing climate change adaptation costs for urban drainage systems. Urban Water Journal. 2014; 13 (4):331-344.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJason C. Price; Leonard Wright; Charles Fant; Kenneth M. Strzepek. 2014. "Calibrated methodology for assessing climate change adaptation costs for urban drainage systems." Urban Water Journal 13, no. 4: 331-344.
We assess the ability of global water systems, resolved at 282 assessment subregions (ASRs), to the meet water requirements under integrated projections of socioeconomic growth and climate change. We employ a water resource system (WRS) component embedded within the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) framework in a suite of simulations that consider a range of climate policies and regional hydroclimate changes out to 2050. For many developing nations, water demand increases due to population growth and economic activity have a much stronger effect on water stress than climate change. By 2050, economic growth and population change alone can lead to an additional 1.8 billion people living under at least moderate water stress, with 80% of these located in developing countries. Uncertain regional climate change can play a secondary role to either exacerbate or dampen the increase in water stress. The strongest climate impacts on water stress are observed in Africa, but strong impacts also occur over Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America. The combined effects of socioeconomic growth and uncertain climate change lead to a 1.0–1.3 billion increase of the world's 2050 projected population living with overly exploited water conditions—where total potential water requirements will consistently exceed surface water supply. This would imply that adaptive measures would be taken to meet these surface water shortfalls and include: water‐use efficiency, reduced and/or redirected consumption, recurrent periods of water emergencies or curtailments, groundwater depletion, additional interbasin transfers, and overdraw from flow intended to maintain environmental requirements.
C. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek; Xiang Gao; Charles Fant; Élodie Blanc; Sergey Paltsev; Henry D Jacoby; John M Reilly; Arthur Gueneau. The future of global water stress: An integrated assessment. Earth's Future 2014, 2, 341 -361.
AMA StyleC. Adam Schlosser, Kenneth Strzepek, Xiang Gao, Charles Fant, Élodie Blanc, Sergey Paltsev, Henry D Jacoby, John M Reilly, Arthur Gueneau. The future of global water stress: An integrated assessment. Earth's Future. 2014; 2 (8):341-361.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Adam Schlosser; Kenneth Strzepek; Xiang Gao; Charles Fant; Élodie Blanc; Sergey Paltsev; Henry D Jacoby; John M Reilly; Arthur Gueneau. 2014. "The future of global water stress: An integrated assessment." Earth's Future 2, no. 8: 341-361.
The past reliance on historical observed weather patterns for future investment in basic infrastructure planning (e.g., irrigation schemes, hydropower plants, roads, etc.) has been questioned considerably in recent years. For this reason, efforts to study the impacts of a changing future climate based on climate projections from global circulation models has been popular, where the coupled model intercomparison project models, used in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change Assessment Reports, are typically used. Studies tend to focus either on climate sensitivity, ignoring specific global circulation models predictions, or an effort is made to select a set of global circulation models for use in an impact study. Here, we present a method for quantifying the impacts on biophysical measures (surface water supply, crop production, flooding events, and hydropower generation) of the Zambezi River Basin countries using a large pool (6,800) of climate projections, which are based on the full set of the CMIP-3 GCMs (global circulation models ) and projected to 2050.
Charles Fant; Yohannes Gebretsadik; Kenneth Strzepek. Impact of Climate Change on Crops, Irrigation and Hydropower in the Zambezi River Basin. 2013, 1 .
AMA StyleCharles Fant, Yohannes Gebretsadik, Kenneth Strzepek. Impact of Climate Change on Crops, Irrigation and Hydropower in the Zambezi River Basin. . 2013; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharles Fant; Yohannes Gebretsadik; Kenneth Strzepek. 2013. "Impact of Climate Change on Crops, Irrigation and Hydropower in the Zambezi River Basin." , no. : 1.