Background: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) predispose patients to various infectious and non-infectious complications. Thanks to the development and expanding use of flow cytometry and increased awareness, the diagnostic rate of IEI has markedly increased in Algeria the last decade. Aim: This study aimed to describe a large cohort of Algerian patients with probable IEI and to determine their clinical characteristics and outcomes. Methods: We collected and analyzed retrospectively the demographic data, clinical manifestations, immunologic, genetic data, and outcome of Algerian IEI patients - diagnosed in the department of medical immunology of Beni Messous university hospital center, Algiers, from 2008 to 2021. Results: Eight hundred and seven patients with IEI (482 males and 325 females) were enrolled, 9.7% of whom were adults. Consanguinity was reported in 50.3% of the cases and a positive family history in 32.34%. The medium age at disease onset was 8 months and at diagnosis was 36 months. The median delay in diagnosis was 16 months. Combined immunodeficiencies were the most frequent (33.8%), followed by antibody deficiencies (24.5%) and well-defined syndromes with immunodeficiency (24%). Among 287 patients tested for genetic disorders, 129 patients carried pathogenic mutations; 102 having biallelic variants mostly in a homozygous state (autosomal recessive disorders). The highest mortality rate was observed in patients with combined immunodeficiency (70.1%), especially in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome, or Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II deficiency. Conclusion: The spectrum of IEI in Algeria is similar to that seen in most countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, notably regarding the frequency of autosomal recessive and/or combined immunodeficiencies.

Investigators from four European tertiary care hospitals (in Paris, France; Milan, Udine and Perugia, Italy) performed a case-control study of children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years diagnosed with primary headaches in the emergency department by a pediatric neurologist using the validated ICHD-3 criteria.

A recent article from Pavone et al. published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics entitled «Ataxia in children: early recognition and clinical evaluation» made an exhaustive overview of the large spectrum of pediatric ataxias. However, we would underline the importance of considering hereditary ataxia due to isolated vitamin E deficiency as a specific and treatable cause of child ataxia. We present a short clinical and therpeutic synopsis of this peculiar genetic etiology, frequently encountred in the mediterranean region.

To the Editor: We were surprised to find that celiac disease was not among the panel of disorders discussed by Schett et al. (Aug. 12 issue)¹ in their review article on cytokines and immune-mediated inflammatory conditions. It is well established that cytokine release is at the core of the structural damage and subsequent clinical manifestations in celiac disease, and we note in particular the evolving role of interleukins (mainly interleukin-15).² In fact, interleukin-15 has a crucial role in innate and adaptive immune responses and is overexpressed in various autoimmune conditions, including celiac disease.³ This interleukin-15 action is orchestrated by tumor . . .

Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder where gluten ingestion triggers an immune response, damaging the small intestine in genetically predisposed individuals. Affecting around 1% of the global population, CD presents with diverse symptoms, including gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea and extraintestinal conditions such as anemia and osteoporosis, often complicating diagnosis. Advances in serology, histology, and genetic testing, such as HLA-DQ2/DQ8 analysis, have improved diagnostic accuracy. Precision medicine is transforming CD management by integrating genetic, clinical, and lifestyle data to enable risk prediction, personalized therapies, and improved outcomes. Tools like machine learning enhance early diagnosis, dietary management, and drug discovery, while electronic medical records support comprehensive patient profiling and disease monitoring. These technologies facilitate personalized healthcare delivery tailored to individual patient profiles.