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The venom of Cupiennius salei is composed of dozens of neurotoxins, with most of them supposed to act on ion channels. Some insecticidal monomeric neurotoxins contain an α-helical part besides their inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif (type 1). Other neurotoxins have, besides the ICK motif, an α-helical part of an open loop, resulting in a heterodimeric structure (type 2). Due to their low toxicity, it is difficult to understand the existence of type 2 peptides. Here, we show with the voltage clamp technique in oocytes of Xenopus laevis that a combined application of structural type 1 and type 2 neurotoxins has a much more pronounced cytolytic effect than each of the toxins alone. In biotests with Drosophila melanogaster, the combined effect of both neurotoxins was enhanced by 2 to 3 log units when compared to the components alone. Electrophysiological measurements of a type 2 peptide at 18 ion channel types, expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, showed no effect. Microscale thermophoresis data indicate a monomeric/heterodimeric peptide complex formation, thus a direct interaction between type 1 and type 2 peptides, leading to cell death. In conclusion, peptide mergers between both neurotoxins are the main cause for the high cytolytic activity of Cupiennius salei venom.
Benjamin Clémençon; Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig; Nicolas Langenegger; Lukas Kopp; Steve Peigneur; Jan Tytgat; Wolfgang Nentwig; Benjamin P. Lüscher. Neurotoxin Merging: A Strategy Deployed by the Venom of the Spider Cupiennius salei to Potentiate Toxicity on Insects. Toxins 2020, 12, 250 .
AMA StyleBenjamin Clémençon, Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig, Nicolas Langenegger, Lukas Kopp, Steve Peigneur, Jan Tytgat, Wolfgang Nentwig, Benjamin P. Lüscher. Neurotoxin Merging: A Strategy Deployed by the Venom of the Spider Cupiennius salei to Potentiate Toxicity on Insects. Toxins. 2020; 12 (4):250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenjamin Clémençon; Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig; Nicolas Langenegger; Lukas Kopp; Steve Peigneur; Jan Tytgat; Wolfgang Nentwig; Benjamin P. Lüscher. 2020. "Neurotoxin Merging: A Strategy Deployed by the Venom of the Spider Cupiennius salei to Potentiate Toxicity on Insects." Toxins 12, no. 4: 250.
Species descriptions on the basis of type material is one of the cornerstones of taxonomy. Type material is stored in safe places, usually museums and comparable collections, so it is always possible to compare the described species with the original material. But what if this type material gets destroyed? During the last centuries, wars, fires and other catastrophes as well as inappropriate or lacking maintenance have already destroyed a lot of type material, creating a difficult situation for taxonomists.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Theo Blick; Daniel Gloor; Peter Jäger; Christian Kropf. How to deal with destroyed type material? The case of Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters 2020, 59, 22 -29.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Theo Blick, Daniel Gloor, Peter Jäger, Christian Kropf. How to deal with destroyed type material? The case of Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters. 2020; 59 (1):22-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Theo Blick; Daniel Gloor; Peter Jäger; Christian Kropf. 2020. "How to deal with destroyed type material? The case of Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae)." Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters 59, no. 1: 22-29.
This review gives an overview on the development of research on spider venoms with a focus on structure and function of venom components and techniques of analysis. Major venom component groups are small molecular mass compounds, antimicrobial (also called cytolytic, or cationic) peptides (only in some spider families), cysteine-rich (neurotoxic) peptides, and enzymes and proteins. Cysteine-rich peptides are reviewed with respect to various structural motifs, their targets (ion channels, membrane receptors), nomenclature, and molecular binding. We further describe the latest findings concerning the maturation of antimicrobial, and cysteine-rich peptides that are in most known cases expressed as propeptide-containing precursors. Today, venom research, increasingly employs transcriptomic and mass spectrometric techniques. Pros and cons of venom gland transcriptome analysis with Sanger, 454, and Illumina sequencing are discussed and an overview on so far published transcriptome studies is given. In this respect, we also discuss the only recently described cross contamination arising from multiplexing in Illumina sequencing and its possible impacts on venom studies. High throughput mass spectrometric analysis of venom proteomes (bottom-up, top-down) are reviewed.
Nicolas Langenegger; Wolfgang Nentwig; Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig. Spider Venom: Components, Modes of Action, and Novel Strategies in Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses. Toxins 2019, 11, 611 .
AMA StyleNicolas Langenegger, Wolfgang Nentwig, Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig. Spider Venom: Components, Modes of Action, and Novel Strategies in Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses. Toxins. 2019; 11 (10):611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Langenegger; Wolfgang Nentwig; Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig. 2019. "Spider Venom: Components, Modes of Action, and Novel Strategies in Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses." Toxins 11, no. 10: 611.
Usually, individuals of species occur in different populations and these are connected by gene flow. While a population shows some degree of isolation to the next population, the genetic continuum over all populations of one species guarantees their species identity (Hartl & Clark 2006). This also means that individuals within one population, and moreover within one species, often show considerable variation within a population and/or across a geographic range. Such variation is the basis for selection and thus one of the drivers of evolution (Hartl & Clark 2006). Additional reasons for differences among individuals or populations may have ecological causes. Colour pattern, body size and shape are characters that show variability and it makes little sense to provide infraspecific taxonomic names for individuals with such minor deviation from the type of the species (e.g. Breitling et al. 2015). Such infraspecific taxa (subspecies, varieties, forms or aberrations), however, have frequently been described in spiders. While the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2012) accepts subspecies (Article 5.2), in practice they are often taxonomic ballast. Over the last 100 years, the description of new subspecies decreased permanently and is currently close to zero (Fig. 1). Obviously, taxonomists today are aware of the genetic, morphological and ecological dynamics in modern species concepts.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Theo Blick; Daniel Gloor; Peter Jäger; Christian Kropf. Tackling taxonomic redundancy in spiders: the infraspecific spider taxa described by Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters 2019, 58, 29 -51.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Theo Blick, Daniel Gloor, Peter Jäger, Christian Kropf. Tackling taxonomic redundancy in spiders: the infraspecific spider taxa described by Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters. 2019; 58 (1):29-51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Theo Blick; Daniel Gloor; Peter Jäger; Christian Kropf. 2019. "Tackling taxonomic redundancy in spiders: the infraspecific spider taxa described by Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae)." Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters 58, no. 1: 29-51.
Most knowledge of spider venom concerns neurotoxins acting on ion channels, whereas proteins and their significance for the envenomation process are neglected. The here presented comprehensive analysis of the venom gland transcriptome and proteome of Cupiennius salei focusses on proteins and cysteine-containing peptides and offers new insight into the structure and function of spider venom, here described as the dual prey-inactivation strategy. After venom injection, many enzymes and proteins, dominated by α-amylase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, interact with main metabolic pathways, leading to a major disturbance of the cellular homeostasis. Hyaluronidase and cytolytic peptides destroy tissue and membranes, thus supporting the spread of other venom compounds. We detected 81 transcripts of neurotoxins from 13 peptide families, whereof two families comprise 93.7% of all cysteine-containing peptides. This raises the question of the importance of the other low-expressed peptide families. The identification of a venom gland-specific defensin-like peptide and an aga-toxin-like peptide in the hemocytes offers an important clue on the recruitment and neofunctionalization of body proteins and peptides as the origin of toxins.
Lucia Kuhn-Nentwig; Nicolas Langenegger; Manfred Heller; Dominique Koua; Wolfgang Nentwig. The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders-In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei. Toxins 2019, 11, 167 .
AMA StyleLucia Kuhn-Nentwig, Nicolas Langenegger, Manfred Heller, Dominique Koua, Wolfgang Nentwig. The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders-In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLucia Kuhn-Nentwig; Nicolas Langenegger; Manfred Heller; Dominique Koua; Wolfgang Nentwig. 2019. "The Dual Prey-Inactivation Strategy of Spiders-In-Depth Venomic Analysis of Cupiennius salei." Toxins 11, no. 3: 167.
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species—those never encountered as aliens before—therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000–2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1–16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
Hanno Seebens; Tim M. Blackburn; Ellie E. Dyer; Piero Genovesi; Philip E. Hulme; Jonathan Jeschke; Shyama Pagad; Petr Pyšek; Mark van Kleunen; Marten Winter; Michael Ansong; Margarita Arianoutsou; Sven Bacher; Bernd Blasius; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Giuseppe Brundu; César Capinha; Charlotte E. Causton; Laura Celesti-Grapow; Wayne Dawson; Stefan Dullinger; Evan P. Economo; Nicol Fuentes; Benoit Guénard; Heinke Jäger; John Kartesz; Marc Kenis; Ingolf Kühn; Bernd Lenzner; Andrew M. Liebhold; Alexander Mosena; Dietmar Moser; Wolfgang Nentwig; Misako Nishino; David Pearman; Jan Pergl; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Julissa Rojas-Sandoval; Alain Roques; Stephanie Rorke; Silvia Rossinelli; Helen E. Roy; Riccardo Scalera; Stefan Schindler; Katerina Stajerova; Barbara Tokarska-Guzik; Kevin Walker; Darren Ward; Takehiko Yamanaka; Franz Essl. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2018, 115, E2264 -E2273.
AMA StyleHanno Seebens, Tim M. Blackburn, Ellie E. Dyer, Piero Genovesi, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan Jeschke, Shyama Pagad, Petr Pyšek, Mark van Kleunen, Marten Winter, Michael Ansong, Margarita Arianoutsou, Sven Bacher, Bernd Blasius, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Giuseppe Brundu, César Capinha, Charlotte E. Causton, Laura Celesti-Grapow, Wayne Dawson, Stefan Dullinger, Evan P. Economo, Nicol Fuentes, Benoit Guénard, Heinke Jäger, John Kartesz, Marc Kenis, Ingolf Kühn, Bernd Lenzner, Andrew M. Liebhold, Alexander Mosena, Dietmar Moser, Wolfgang Nentwig, Misako Nishino, David Pearman, Jan Pergl, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Alain Roques, Stephanie Rorke, Silvia Rossinelli, Helen E. Roy, Riccardo Scalera, Stefan Schindler, Katerina Stajerova, Barbara Tokarska-Guzik, Kevin Walker, Darren Ward, Takehiko Yamanaka, Franz Essl. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018; 115 (10):E2264-E2273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanno Seebens; Tim M. Blackburn; Ellie E. Dyer; Piero Genovesi; Philip E. Hulme; Jonathan Jeschke; Shyama Pagad; Petr Pyšek; Mark van Kleunen; Marten Winter; Michael Ansong; Margarita Arianoutsou; Sven Bacher; Bernd Blasius; Eckehard G. Brockerhoff; Giuseppe Brundu; César Capinha; Charlotte E. Causton; Laura Celesti-Grapow; Wayne Dawson; Stefan Dullinger; Evan P. Economo; Nicol Fuentes; Benoit Guénard; Heinke Jäger; John Kartesz; Marc Kenis; Ingolf Kühn; Bernd Lenzner; Andrew M. Liebhold; Alexander Mosena; Dietmar Moser; Wolfgang Nentwig; Misako Nishino; David Pearman; Jan Pergl; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Julissa Rojas-Sandoval; Alain Roques; Stephanie Rorke; Silvia Rossinelli; Helen E. Roy; Riccardo Scalera; Stefan Schindler; Katerina Stajerova; Barbara Tokarska-Guzik; Kevin Walker; Darren Ward; Takehiko Yamanaka; Franz Essl. 2018. "Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 10: E2264-E2273.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Sabrina Kumschick; Petr Pyšek; Montserrat Vila. Correction to: More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe. Biological Invasions 2018, 20, 1623 -1623.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Sabrina Kumschick, Petr Pyšek, Montserrat Vila. Correction to: More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe. Biological Invasions. 2018; 20 (6):1623-1623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Sabrina Kumschick; Petr Pyšek; Montserrat Vila. 2018. "Correction to: More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe." Biological Invasions 20, no. 6: 1623-1623.
“One hundred worst” lists of alien species of the greatest concern proved useful for raising awareness of the risks and impacts of biological invasions amongst the general public, politicians and stakeholders. All lists so far have been based on expert opinion and primarily aimed at representativeness of the taxonomic and habitat diversity rather than at quantifying the harm the alien species cause. We used the generic impact scoring system (GISS) to rank 486 alien species established in Europe from a wide range of taxonomic groups to identify those with the highest environmental and socioeconomic impact. GISS assigns 12 categories of impact, each quantified on a scale from 0 (no impact detectable) to 5 (the highest impact possible). We ranked species by their total sum of scores and by the number of the highest impact scores. We also compared the listing based on GISS with other expert-based lists of the “worst” invaders. We propose a list of 149 alien species, comprising 54 plants, 49 invertebrates, 40 vertebrates and 6 fungi. Among the highest ranking species are one bird (Branta canadensis), four mammals (Rattus norvegicus, Ondatra zibethicus, Cervus nippon, Muntiacus reevesi), one crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), one mite (Varroa destructor), and four plants (Acacia dealbata, Lantana camara, Pueraria lobata, Eichhornia crassipes). In contrast to other existing expert-based “worst” lists, the GISS-based list given here highlights some alien species with high impacts that are not represented on any other list. The GISS provides an objective and transparent method to aid prioritization of alien species for management according to their impacts, applicable across taxa and habitats. Our ranking can also be used for justifying inclusion on lists such as the alien species of Union concern of the European Commission, and to fulfil Aichi target 9.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Sabrina Kumschick; Petr Pyšek; Montserrat Vilà. More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe. Biological Invasions 2017, 20, 1611 -1621.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Sabrina Kumschick, Petr Pyšek, Montserrat Vilà. More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe. Biological Invasions. 2017; 20 (6):1611-1621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Sabrina Kumschick; Petr Pyšek; Montserrat Vilà. 2017. "More than “100 worst” alien species in Europe." Biological Invasions 20, no. 6: 1611-1621.
Biological invasions are a threat to biodiversity, society and the economy. There is an urgent need to provide evidence‐based assessments of the risks posed by invasive alien species (IAS) to prioritize action. Risk assessments underpin IAS policies in many ways: informing legislation; providing justification of restrictions in trade or consumer activities; prioritizing surveillance and rapid response. There are benefits to ensuring consistency in content of IAS risk assessments globally, and this can be achieved by providing a framework of minimum standards as a checklist for quality assurance. From a review of existing risk assessment protocols, and with reference to the requirements of the EU Regulation on IAS (1143/2014) and international agreements including the World Trade Organisation, Convention on Biological Diversity and International Plant Protection Convention, coupled with consensus methods, we identified and agreed upon 14 minimum standards (attributes) a risk‐assessment scheme should include. The agreed minimum standards were as follows: (1) basic species description; (2) likelihood of invasion; (3) distribution, spread and impacts; (4) assessment of introduction pathways; (5) assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems; (6) Assessment of impact on ecosystem services; (7) assessment of socio‐economic impacts; (8) consideration of status (threatened or protected) of species or habitat under threat; (9) assessment of effects of future climate change; (10) completion possible even when there is a lack of information; (11) documents information sources; (12) provides a summary in a consistent and interpretable form; (13) includes uncertainty; (14) includes quality assurance. In deriving these minimum standards, gaps in knowledge required for completing risk assessments and the scope of existing risk assessment protocols were revealed, most notably in relation to assessing benefits, socio‐economic impacts and impacts on ecosystem services but also inclusion of consideration of climate change. Policy implications. We provide a checklist of components that should be within invasive alien species risk assessments and recommendations to develop risk assessments to meet these proposed minimum standards. Although inspired by implementation of the European Union Regulation on invasive alien species, and as such developed specifically within a European context, the derived framework and minimum standards could be applied globally.
Helen E. Roy; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Riccardo Scalera; Alan Stewart; Belinda Gallardo; Piero Genovesi; Franz Essl; Tim Adriaens; Sven Bacher; Olaf Booy; Etienne Branquart; Sarah Brunel; Gordon Howard Copp; Hannah Dean; Bram D'hondt; Melanie Josefsson; Marc Kenis; Marianne Kettunen; Merike Linnamagi; Frances Lucy; Angeliki Martinou; Niall Moore; Wolfgang Nentwig; Ana Nieto; Jan Pergl; Jodey Peyton; Alain Roques; Stefan Schindler; Karsten Schönrogge; Wojciech Solarz; Paul D. Stebbing; Teodora Trichkova; Sonia Vanderhoeven; Johan Van Valkenburg; Argyro Zenetos. Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species. Journal of Applied Ecology 2017, 55, 526 -538.
AMA StyleHelen E. Roy, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Riccardo Scalera, Alan Stewart, Belinda Gallardo, Piero Genovesi, Franz Essl, Tim Adriaens, Sven Bacher, Olaf Booy, Etienne Branquart, Sarah Brunel, Gordon Howard Copp, Hannah Dean, Bram D'hondt, Melanie Josefsson, Marc Kenis, Marianne Kettunen, Merike Linnamagi, Frances Lucy, Angeliki Martinou, Niall Moore, Wolfgang Nentwig, Ana Nieto, Jan Pergl, Jodey Peyton, Alain Roques, Stefan Schindler, Karsten Schönrogge, Wojciech Solarz, Paul D. Stebbing, Teodora Trichkova, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Johan Van Valkenburg, Argyro Zenetos. Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2017; 55 (2):526-538.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelen E. Roy; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Riccardo Scalera; Alan Stewart; Belinda Gallardo; Piero Genovesi; Franz Essl; Tim Adriaens; Sven Bacher; Olaf Booy; Etienne Branquart; Sarah Brunel; Gordon Howard Copp; Hannah Dean; Bram D'hondt; Melanie Josefsson; Marc Kenis; Marianne Kettunen; Merike Linnamagi; Frances Lucy; Angeliki Martinou; Niall Moore; Wolfgang Nentwig; Ana Nieto; Jan Pergl; Jodey Peyton; Alain Roques; Stefan Schindler; Karsten Schönrogge; Wojciech Solarz; Paul D. Stebbing; Teodora Trichkova; Sonia Vanderhoeven; Johan Van Valkenburg; Argyro Zenetos. 2017. "Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 2: 526-538.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. Organismen. Ökologie 2017, 1 -46.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. Organismen. Ökologie. 2017; ():1-46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "Organismen." Ökologie , no. : 1-46.
Zusammenfassung An vielen Stellen der Welt wurden vor über 10 000 Jahren unabhängig voneinander in günstigen Lagen landwirtschaftliche Systeme entwickelt. Gute Böden in Tallagen von Flusssystemen erlaubten den Anbau von Pflanzen, aus denen im Laufe der Generationen Kulturpflanzen gezüchtet wurden. Gleichzeitig entwickelten sich durch diese erzwungene Sesshaftigkeit erste Dorfgemeinschaften, aus denen später Stadtstaaten und Hochkulturen entstanden.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. Angewandte Ökologie. Ökologie 2017, 275 -315.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. Angewandte Ökologie. Ökologie. 2017; ():275-315.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "Angewandte Ökologie." Ökologie , no. : 275-315.
Zusammenfassung Als Population bezeichnet man die Summe aller Individuen einer Art, die in einem Siedlungsgebiet leben und dort miteinander in Wechselwirkung treten. Eine Population hat Eigenschaften, die nur für die „Summe der Individuen“ definiert sind (emergente Eigenschaften, S. 2). Dazu gehört die Populationsgröße (Gesamtzahl der Individuen im Siedlungsgebiet), die Populationsdichte (Individuen pro Flächeneinheit, auch Abundanz, Individuendichte oder schlicht Dichte genannt), die räum liche Verteilung der Individuen und deren Altersstruktur.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. Populationen. Ökologie 2017, 47 -96.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. Populationen. Ökologie. 2017; ():47-96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "Populationen." Ökologie , no. : 47-96.
Zusammenfassung Der überwiegende Teil der auf der Erde verfügbaren Energie stammt von der Sonne, wo sie durch Fusion von Wasserstoffatomen entsteht. In sehr geringem Umfang steht auch Energie aus Erdwärme zur Verfügung, etwa durch Thermalquellen, die im Erdinneren durch radioaktiven Zerfall entstehen. Die meisten Organismen nutzen durch Photosynthese fixierte Energie, lediglich chemoautotrophe Bakterien verwenden anorganische Verbindungen.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. ?kosysteme. Ökologie 2017, 227 -256.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. ?kosysteme. Ökologie. 2017; ():227-256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "?kosysteme." Ökologie , no. : 227-256.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. Gro?lebensr?ume der Erde. Ökologie 2017, 257 -274.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. Gro?lebensr?ume der Erde. Ökologie. 2017; ():257-274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "Gro?lebensr?ume der Erde." Ökologie , no. : 257-274.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. Lebensgemeinschaften. Ökologie 2017, 173 -225.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. Lebensgemeinschaften. Ökologie. 2017; ():173-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "Lebensgemeinschaften." Ökologie , no. : 173-225.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Arten. Ökologie 2017, 97 -172.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Sven Bacher, Roland Brandl. Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Arten. Ökologie. 2017; ():97-172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Sven Bacher; Roland Brandl. 2017. "Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Arten." Ökologie , no. : 97-172.
Human-mediated transport beyond biogeographic barriers has led to the introduction and establishment of alien species in new regions worldwide. However, we lack a global picture of established alien species richness for multiple taxonomic groups. Here, we assess global patterns and potential drivers of established alien species richness across eight taxonomic groups (amphibians, ants, birds, freshwater fishes, mammals, vascular plants, reptiles and spiders) for 186 islands and 423 mainland regions. Hotspots of established alien species richness are predominantly island and coastal mainland regions. Regions with greater gross domestic product per capita, human population density, and area have higher established alien richness, with strongest effects emerging for islands. Ants and reptiles, birds and mammals, and vascular plants and spiders form pairs of taxonomic groups with the highest spatial congruence in established alien richness, but drivers explaining richness differ between the taxa in each pair. Across all taxonomic groups, our results highlight the need to prioritize prevention of further alien species introductions to island and coastal mainland regions globally.
Wayne Dawson; Dietmar Moser; Mark van Kleunen; Holger Kreft; Jan Pergl; Petr Pyšek; Patrick Weigelt; Marten Winter; Bernd Lenzner; Tim M. Blackburn; Ellie E. Dyer; Phillip Cassey; Sally L. Scrivens; Evan P. Economo; Benoit Guénard; César Capinha; Hanno Seebens; Pablo García-Díaz; Wolfgang Nentwig; Emili García-Berthou; Christine Casal; Nicholas E. Mandrak; Pam Fuller; Carsten Meyer; Franz Essl. Global hotspots and correlates of alien species richness across taxonomic groups. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2017, 1, 1 .
AMA StyleWayne Dawson, Dietmar Moser, Mark van Kleunen, Holger Kreft, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Patrick Weigelt, Marten Winter, Bernd Lenzner, Tim M. Blackburn, Ellie E. Dyer, Phillip Cassey, Sally L. Scrivens, Evan P. Economo, Benoit Guénard, César Capinha, Hanno Seebens, Pablo García-Díaz, Wolfgang Nentwig, Emili García-Berthou, Christine Casal, Nicholas E. Mandrak, Pam Fuller, Carsten Meyer, Franz Essl. Global hotspots and correlates of alien species richness across taxonomic groups. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2017; 1 (7):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWayne Dawson; Dietmar Moser; Mark van Kleunen; Holger Kreft; Jan Pergl; Petr Pyšek; Patrick Weigelt; Marten Winter; Bernd Lenzner; Tim M. Blackburn; Ellie E. Dyer; Phillip Cassey; Sally L. Scrivens; Evan P. Economo; Benoit Guénard; César Capinha; Hanno Seebens; Pablo García-Díaz; Wolfgang Nentwig; Emili García-Berthou; Christine Casal; Nicholas E. Mandrak; Pam Fuller; Carsten Meyer; Franz Essl. 2017. "Global hotspots and correlates of alien species richness across taxonomic groups." Nature Ecology & Evolution 1, no. 7: 1.
Loxosceles rufescens is a circum-Mediterranean spider species, potentially harmful to humans. Its native area covers the Mediterranean Basin and Near East. Easily spread with transported goods, it is meanwhile an alien and invasive species to nearly all other continents and many islands. This species occurs in semi-arid steppe-like habitats, typically under stones and in cavities, which enables it to settle inside buildings when invading the synanthropic environment. This review analyses the literature of L. rufescens bites to humans (38 publications) of which only 11 publications refer to 12 verified spider bites (11% of the reported bites). Two published allegedly deadly spider bites (Thailand 2014 and Italy 2016) involve non-verified spider bites and are thus not reliable. The symptoms and therapy of these 11 verified bites are described: only five cases showed moderate systemic effects, nine cases developed necrosis, four cases needed surgical debridement, all cases healed without complications within a few weeks. In conclusion, L. rufescens is a spider species globally spread by human activity, it rarely bites humans and the bites are less harmful than often described. There is no known fatal issue.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Paolo Pantini; Richard S. Vetter. Distribution and medical aspects of Loxosceles rufescens , one of the most invasive spiders of the world (Araneae: Sicariidae). Toxicon 2017, 132, 19 -28.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Paolo Pantini, Richard S. Vetter. Distribution and medical aspects of Loxosceles rufescens , one of the most invasive spiders of the world (Araneae: Sicariidae). Toxicon. 2017; 132 ():19-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Paolo Pantini; Richard S. Vetter. 2017. "Distribution and medical aspects of Loxosceles rufescens , one of the most invasive spiders of the world (Araneae: Sicariidae)." Toxicon 132, no. : 19-28.
Although many non-native species have human health impacts, especially as vectors of diseases, a minority are known to have venoms, poisons, and toxins of human significance, or to cause allergic reactions. Among animals, these effects are known in only a few taxonomic groups, where marine species are particularly well represented (e.g., jellyfish, mollusks, fish). A few venomous or toxic fish species cause acute burning pain, whereas systemic health symptoms are rare. Terrestrial animals that are famous for venomous bites and stings, such as scorpions and snakes, are relatively underrepresented as non-native species causing health problems. Insects such as bees, wasps, and ants are the most important group insofar as human health is concerned. Impacts usually include bites, stings, and certain injuries, but with jellyfish, skin contact alone is sufficient to produce severe dermatitis. In the case of animals possessing venom glands, a wide array of toxic compounds is injected, often with serious and even lethal consequences. A particularly dangerous situation results from mass attacks of bees, wasps, or ants in which multiple stings may be received. This behaviour is common in Africanized honeybees and accounts for their being the non-native species that has caused most human fatalities. Some non-native plant parts, especially fruits, are toxic if ingested. The sap of several plants can also be an irritant and cause dermatitis by contact, and in other cases spines and thorns can cause skin rashes. The major human health hazard posed by non-native plants is their allergenic pollen. The copious allergenic airborne pollen produced by some non-native ornamental tree plantings, even in areas where establishment has not occurred, highlights the fact that risks to human health for some non-native plant species do not require invasion.
Wolfgang Nentwig; Dietrich Mebs; Montserrat Vilà. Impact of Non-native Animals and Plants on Human Health. Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services 2017, 277 -293.
AMA StyleWolfgang Nentwig, Dietrich Mebs, Montserrat Vilà. Impact of Non-native Animals and Plants on Human Health. Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services. 2017; ():277-293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolfgang Nentwig; Dietrich Mebs; Montserrat Vilà. 2017. "Impact of Non-native Animals and Plants on Human Health." Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services , no. : 277-293.
Prioritization of introduction pathways is seen as an important component of the management of biological invasions. We address whether established alien plants, mammals, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates with known ecological impacts are associated with particular introduction pathways (release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided). We used the information from the European alien species database DAISIE (www.europe-aliens.org) supplemented by the EASIN catalogue (European Alien Species Information Network), and expert knowledge. Plants introduced by the pathways release, corridor and unaided were disproportionately more likely to have ecological impacts than those introduced as contaminants. In contrast, impacts were not associated with particular introduction pathways for invertebrates, mammals or fish. Thus, while for plants management strategies should be targeted towards the appropriate pathways, for animals, management should focus on reducing the total number of taxa introduced, targeting those pathways responsible for high numbers of introductions. However, regardless of taxonomic group, having multiple introduction pathways increases the likelihood of the species having an ecological impact. This may simply reflect that species introduced by multiple pathways have high propagule pressure and so have a high probability of establishment. Clearly, patterns of invasion are determined by many interacting factors and management strategies should reflect this complexity. Prioritization of introduction pathways is seen as an important component of the management of biological invasions. We address whether established alien plants, mammals, freshwater fish and terrestrial invertebrates with known ecological impacts are associated with particular introduction pathways (release, escape, contaminant, stowaway, corridor and unaided). We used the information from the European alien species database DAISIE (www.europe-aliens.org) supplemented by the EASIN catalogue (European Alien Species Information Network), and expert knowledge. Plants introduced by the pathways release, corridor and unaided were disproportionately more likely to have ecological impacts than those introduced as contaminants. In contrast, impacts were not associated with particular introduction pathways for invertebrates, mammals or fish. Thus, while for plants management strategies should be targeted towards the appropriate pathways, for animals, management should focus on reducing the total number of taxa introduced, targeting those pathways responsible for high numbers of introductions. However, regardless of taxonomic group, having multiple introduction pathways increases the likelihood of the species having an ecological impact. This may simply reflect that species introduced by multiple pathways have high propagule pressure and so have a high probability of establishment. Clearly, patterns of invasion are determined by many interacting factors and management strategies should reflect this complexity.
Jan Pergl; Petr Pyšek; Sven Bacher; Franz Essl; Piero Genovesi; Colin Harrower; Philip E. Hulme; Jonathan Jeschke; Marc Kenis; Ingolf Kühn; Irena Perglová; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Alain Roques; David B. Roy; Helen E. Roy; Montserrat Vilà; Marten Winter; Wolfgang Nentwig. Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways? NeoBiota 2017, 32, 1 -20.
AMA StyleJan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Sven Bacher, Franz Essl, Piero Genovesi, Colin Harrower, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan Jeschke, Marc Kenis, Ingolf Kühn, Irena Perglová, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Alain Roques, David B. Roy, Helen E. Roy, Montserrat Vilà, Marten Winter, Wolfgang Nentwig. Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways? NeoBiota. 2017; 32 ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Pergl; Petr Pyšek; Sven Bacher; Franz Essl; Piero Genovesi; Colin Harrower; Philip E. Hulme; Jonathan Jeschke; Marc Kenis; Ingolf Kühn; Irena Perglová; Wolfgang Rabitsch; Alain Roques; David B. Roy; Helen E. Roy; Montserrat Vilà; Marten Winter; Wolfgang Nentwig. 2017. "Troubling travellers: are ecologically harmful alien species associated with particular introduction pathways?" NeoBiota 32, no. : 1-20.