Electric vehicles (EVs) have had a meteoric rise in acceptance in recent decades due to mounting worries about greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and the depletion of fossil resource supplies because of their superior efficiency and performance. EVs have now gained widespread acceptance in the automobile industry as the most viable alternative for decreasing CO₂ production. The battery is an integral ingredient of electric vehicles, and the battery management system (BMS) acts as a bridge between them. The goal of this work is to give a brief review of certain key BMS technologies, including state estimation, aging characterization methodologies, and the aging process. The consequences of battery aging limit its capacity and arise whether the battery is used or not, which is a significant downside in real-world operation. That is why this paper presents a wide range of recent research on Li-ion battery aging processes, including estimations from multiple areas. Afterward, various battery state indicators are thoroughly explained. This work will assist in defining new relevant domains and constructing commercial models and play a critical role in future research in this expanding area by providing a clear picture of the present status of estimating techniques of the major state indicators of Li-ion batteries.

Today, electric driven motorbikes (e-motorbikes) are facing multiple safety, functionality and operating challenges, particularly in hot climatic conditions. One of them is the increasing demand for efficient battery cooling to avoid the potential thermal stability concerns due to extreme temperatures and the conventional plastic enclosure of the battery pack. A reliable and efficient thermal design can be formulated by accommodating the battery within an appropriate battery housing supported by a cooling configuration. The proposed design includes a battery pack housing made of high conductive materials, such as copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al), with an adequate liquid cooling system. This study first proposes a potted cooling structure for the e-motorbike battery and numerical studies are carried out for a 72 V, 42 Ah battery pack for different ambient temperatures, casing materials, discharge rates, coolant types, and coolant temperatures. Results reveal that up to 53 °C is achievable with only the Cu battery housing material. Further temperature reduction is possible with the help of a liquid cooling system, and in this case, with the use of coolant temperature of 20 °C, the battery temperature can be maintained within 28 °C. The analysis also suggests that the proposed cooling system can keep a safe battery temperature up to a 5C rate. The design was also validated for different accelerated driving scenarios. The proposed conceptual design could be exploited in future e-motorbike battery cooling for optimum thermal stability.