The safe preparation and characterization (XRD, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, DSC, mass spectrometry, sensitivities) of a new explosive dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) that outperforms all other commonly used explosive materials is detailed. While much publicized high-performing explosives, such as octanitrocubane and CL-20, have been at the forefront of public awareness, this compound differs in that it is simple and cheap to prepare from commonly available chemicals. TKX-50 expands upon the newly exploited field of tetrazole oxide chemistry to produce a material that not only is easily prepared and exceedingly powerful, but also possesses the required thermal insensitivity, low toxicity, and safety of handling to replace the most commonly used military explosive, RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane). In addition, the crystal structures of the intermediates 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diol dihydrate, 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diol dimethanolate and dimethylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate were determined and presented.

Recent progress in the synthesis and modification of green oxidizers and their application in solid rocket propellant formulations during these last few decades are reviewed.