Manufacturing enterprises have realized that organizational learning is conducive to the development of environmental and economic sustainability. However, prior literature has paid less attention to how green learning orientation affects sustainable performance. Based on organizational learning theory, this article constructs a moderated mediating model of the impact of green learning orientation on sustainable performance, using green innovation behavior as the mediating variable and corporate social responsibility (CSR) as the moderating variable. Through the empirical analysis of 193 valid questionnaires from middle and senior managers in Chinese manufacturing enterprises, the results show that green learning orientation positively affects green innovation behavior and sustainable performance, green innovation behavior plays a partial mediating role between green learning orientation and sustainable performance, the relationship between green learning orientation and green innovation behavior depends on CSR, and the mediating effect of green innovation behavior is moderated by CSR. The results provide a theoretical basis and practical implications for promoting green learning and improving sustainable performance of enterprises.