Residual current analysis of multiple stations’ periodic observational data for sea currents, and multiple voyages, multiple seasons from 2018 to 2022, revealed the existence of a strong southwest current zone, 20–30 m underwater and within the coastal current area of Yangjiang, western Guangdong, in the northwest region of the South China Sea. The velocity of the residual currents in the strong–current zone was 38.2–100.3 cm/s. Observational data for wind, sea currents, salinity and tide from multiple coastal stations in the spring (from March 2019 to May 2019) and summer (from June 2019 to August 2019) of 2019 demonstrated the existence of abrupt strong currents in the coastal current sea area of Yangjiang, western Guangdong. Analyses of continuous sequence hydro meteorological data for the Yangjiang area indicated that wind stress was the main factor determining the direction of sea currents; increases in the near-shore water level produce a westward geostrophic current and a wind current in the shallow sea area; their joint effect was the key factor determining the velocity of the coastal current in this sea area. In spring and summer, when Pearl River runoff into the sea reaches a peak, and under the action of the northeast wind, the water level on the west coast of Guangdong rose. This created a barotropic pressure–gradient force from the shore to the outer sea, generating a southwestward geostrophic current in the same direction as the wind-driven current. The joint action of the wind-driven and geostrophic currents then generated a sudden southwestward coastal current.

Based on the observational data of wind, current, and sea surface temperature in the Jiazi sea area of the northeastern South China Sea in 2018 and the satellite remote sensing data of sea surface temperature in the northern South China Sea, this paper explores the formation reasons and evolution law of winter counter-wind currents in the Jiazi sea area of the northeastern South China Sea. The results show that: (1) The counter-wind current in the Jiazi sea occurs only in certain time periods instead of the entire winter; (2) When the eastern component of wind stress weakens, the eastern component of seafloor friction also weakens to some extent. A high-frequency northeast current often occurs in the bottom layer of the sea area, indicating that the formation of winter counter-wind current in the Jiazi sea area is a result of the concerted action of wind stress, the baroclinic effect, and geostrophic effect; (3) When the counter-wind current is formed, there is a low temperature water mass in the northwest of Jiazi and a high-temperature water mass in the southeast. The baroclinic effect causes the sea water to flow to the shore and produce a westward flow on the shore, and northeastward counter-wind current occurs on convergent sea water on the shore due to the baroclinic effect and geostrophic effect (Ekman effect). Therefore, two different current systems are formed in the northeastern South China Sea in winter with 116° E as the boundary. The appearance of cold water masses in the northwest of 116° E sea area and warm water masses in the southeast of the South China Sea is the key to the formation of both the two different current systems with 116° E as the boundary and the winter counter-wind flow; (4) The formation and disappearance of the counter-wind current can be divided into four stages: in the first stage, the northeast monsoon gradually relaxes to become the southeast wind, forming the northwest current; in the second stage, the warm water masses on the west side of the Luzon Strait flow to the coastal waters due to the northwest current, forming a significant onshore pressure gradient force; in the third stage, a high-temperature seawater convergence zone is formed in the Jiazi sea area, forming southwest and northeast pressure gradient forces, and the northwest coastal current forms a counter-wind current under the combined action of pressure gradient force and geostrophic effect; in the fourth stage, the northeast monsoon intensifies and the counter-wind current weakens gradually until it disappears, and the sea water flows to the southwest again.