As ecological spaces shrink and ecological environments deteriorate, the tensions between economic development and ecological protection increasingly intensify. How to balance coordination of the layout of ecological spaces with urban land development to maximize the profit of developed land without affecting ecological protection becomes a key issue for urban planners in promoting sustainable development. Based on the minimum cumulative resistance model and by applying a landscape security pattern and economic principles, this paper optimizes urban land development allocation from the comparative advantages of the ecological-economy perspective. The proposed method of optimal land development allocation took into account basic farmland protection and ecological space protection, calculating the end of each land development unit from the ecology-economy comparative advantage perspective. According to the optimization proposal, the city in this case study can be further developed to the west and moderately toward the east and south. The northwestern wetland nature reserves, lakes, and Heihe River have important ecological functions that should be allocated as important ecological protection areas. This provides a scientific method and theoretical basis to determine the size and intensity for optimal land development. Landscape security pattern analysis evaluated the important ecological areas within the region and provided a basis for defining the basic ecological space. At the same time, the land development suitability evaluation identified priorities in a continuous spatial land development scale and provided the basis for the land development spatial layout.

Based on the theory of cultural ecosystem services (CESs) and the simultaneous development of five educations, this study constructs a comprehensive framework to elucidate the mechanisms among landscape education, CESs values, and natural resources teaching. It compiles expert evaluations of illustrations from middle school geography textbooks and a collection of study-tour itineraries for Gansu province. Using methods including categorical statistics, kernel density estimation, and MaxEnt model prediction, the study assesses the CESs values of natural resources featured in middle school geography curricula and Gansu study sites, and explores pathways through which value evaluation can advance natural resources teaching. Findings indicate: (1) Digital landscapes convey the digital CESs values in theoretical teaching through multimedia courseware, textbook illustrations, and other forms. Students perceive the physical CESs values via observation, experience and research. The values of CESs provide a pivotal basis for selecting teaching materials and field sites. (2) The illustrations in chapters such as "Resources Security and National Security" carry high value. Mixed multiple illustrations layouts better express educational and spiritual values. Chapter cover illustrations convey aesthetic values, and educational and spiritual are strongly linked. Values evaluation informs textbook revision through the selection of graphic and textual cases, innovative arrangement methods, optimized visual effects, and exploration of ideological and political elements. (3) Study-tour courses in Gansu show overall agglomerative spatial distribution. Lanzhou city and surrounding counties are the main high-value areas for five types of CESs. The high-value areas in the Hexi Corridor are concentrated in oases and cities. Value distribution is highly correlated with the density of primary and secondary schools in the region. Values assessment guides study-tour product development and practical education-based construction. The research has practical significance in refining teaching strategies and objectives across educational levels, optimizing teaching resources, and linking of theory with practice in teaching.

Urban land use expansion is the main characteristic of traditional urbanization, and which is one of the most significant features of urbanization in China. Taking the typical oasis town of Ganzhou District in Zhangye City as the research case, the paper quantitatively analyzed the process and characteristics of the spatio-temporal evolution of urban expansion in Ganzhou District from 1987 to 2011 with the help of the expansion speed and intensity model and Equal fan analysis method. The results showed that: (1) From 1987 to 2011, urban land expanded rapidly with an increase in an area of 5305.56hm 2 , the expansion rate was 2.40%, the expansion intensity index was 0.60, and the main expansion directions were Northwest, Northeast, and East; (2) there are 5 expansion types, respectively are General stable expansion, low speed expansion, medium-speed extension, rapid expansion and high speed expansion, the expansion direction of each type was different; (3) from 1987 to 1995, cities and towns mainly expanded to the Southeast and Northwest, and the expansion strength of all directions were significantly different. From 1995 to 2000, the cities and towns were expanded to the South, Northeast, Northwest, and East. From 2000 to 2006, the expansion direction mainly to the North, followed by the Southwest and the East. From 2006 to 2011, the urban expansion mainly extended to the Northwest, followed by the Northeast and the West. 1.Introduction